Normalization of medical terms

ABSTRACT

A term base can be used to index a raw medical term (e.g., a text string from an electronic health record) to generate a computational expression of the raw medical term. The computational expression of the raw medical term can be used to generate a uniform medical term for the raw medical term. The computational expression can be compared with other computational expressions to organize the electronic health record, filter the electronic health record, and provide a uniform presentation of raw medical terms from different events in the electronic health record.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/565,847, filed Sep. 29, 2017, entitled “Normalizationof Medical Terms.” The disclosure of this application is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/849,310, filed Dec. 20, 2017, entitled “On-Device Searching UsingMedical Term Expressions,” which claims the benefit of and priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/565,956, filed Sep. 29, 2017,entitled “On-Device Searching Using Medical Term Expressions” and isrelated to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/947,478, filedApr. 6, 2018, entitled “Techniques for Anonymized Searching of MedicalProviders,” which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/566,051, filed Sep. 29, 2017, entitled“Techniques for Anonymized Searching of Medical Providers” and isrelated to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/884,023, filedJan. 30, 2018, entitled “Techniques for Managing Access of User Devicesto Third-Party Resources,” which claims the benefit of and priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/566,014, filed Sep. 29, 2017,entitled “Techniques for Managing Access of User Devices to Third-PartyResources” and is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/884,115, filed Jan. 30, 2018, entitled “Techniques for BuildingMedical Provider Databases,” which claims the benefit of and priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/566,104, filed Sep. 29, 2017,entitled, “Techniques for Building Medical Provider Databases” and isrelated to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/019,501, filedJun. 26, 2018, entitled “Index-Based Deidentification.”

BACKGROUND

Users typically visit more than one health institution to obtain medicaltreatment. For example, a user may periodically visit a neighborhoodclinic for annual physical evaluations and for minor medical procedures.An electronic health record (EHR) is a computer-stored and transferrablecopy of a user's physical health record. The neighborhood clinic maymaintain an instance of the user's electronic health record (e.g., usingan EHR system, sometimes referred to as an electronic medical record(EMR) system). When the user visits, a medical professional may updatethe electronic health record. However, different instances of the user'selectronic health record may be maintained by other health institutionsthat are unaffiliated with the neighborhood clinic. For example, theuser may have visited a surgical center for a surgery, been transportedto an emergency room in connection with an accident, or may have visiteda different clinic while on vacation in a different city. Each of thesurgical center, the emergency room, and the different clinic, may havecreated an instance of the user's electronic health record, which may bemaintained using different EHR systems. The EHR systems may providepatient portals for accessing health records on their systems. Becausethese portals are built and maintained by different organizations,accessing each by the user may require a unique set of user credentials.And once the user logs in to a particular portal, she is still limitedby what portion of her electronic health record will be available forviewing. Existing computer systems may be able to maintain a singleconnection to a single EHR system, but challenges may arise when thesesystems attempt to programmatically maintain multiple connections acrossmultiple EHR systems. Moreover, because different medical professionalscontribute to the instances of the electronic health record, datainconsistencies may exist between electronic health records sourced fromdifferent EHR systems. Conventional data rectification techniques mayprove insufficient to resolve these types of data inconsistences.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A system of one or more computers can be configured to performparticular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware,hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that inoperation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or morecomputer programs can be configured to perform particular operations oractions by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by dataprocessing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions. Onegeneral aspect includes a user device, including: a display, a memoryconfigured to store computer-executable instructions, and a processor incommunication with the memory and configured to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to receive, from a gateway of anelectronic health record system, a data package including an electronichealth record. The processor is also configured to store the electronichealth record on the user device according to a first data model. Theprocessor is also configured to associate, in a database organizedaccording to a second data model and stored on the user device, metadatawith medical term expressions representing medical terms from theelectronic health record, the metadata being descriptive of the medicalterms represented by the medical term expressions. The processor is alsoconfigured to generate an index that associates the medical termexpressions with reference identifiers of the medical terms from theelectronic health record. The processor is also configured to receive arequest for information about a particular medical term found in theelectronic health record. The processor is also configured to, inresponse to receiving the request, access the database using aparticular medical term expression associated with the particularmedical term and the index to retrieve the information about theparticular medical term, the information about the particular medicalterm including certain metadata that is descriptive of the particularmedical term. The processor is also configured to provide theinformation about the particular medical term for presentation at thedisplay. Other examples of this aspect include corresponding computersystems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or morecomputer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of themethods.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Theuser device where the processor is further configured to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to at least generate the medical termexpressions by indexing the medical terms using an indexing algorithm.The user device where the request for information is a request to viewhealth record entries associated with the particular medical term. Theuser device where the information about the particular medical termprovides contextual information about the particular medical term thatwas not originally present in the electronic health record. The userdevice where the particular medical term expression includes a pluralityof expression primitives stored in the database, and the medical termexpression is a medical term index for accessing the plurality ofexpression primitives from the database. Implementations of thedescribed techniques may include hardware, a method or process, orcomputer software on a computer-accessible medium.

One general aspect includes a computer-implemented method, including:receiving a search query to search a health record that is associatedwith a user account, the search query including at least one searchterm, and at least part of the health record being stored on a userdevice. The computer-implemented method also includes processing, by theuser device, the search query to generate a medical term expression thatis representative of the search query and includes at least oneexpression primitive corresponding to the at least one search term. Thecomputer-implemented method also includes identifying metadatacorresponding to the medical term expression. The computer-implementedmethod also includes identifying, based at least in part on the at leastone expression primitive, a plurality of other medical expressionprimitives corresponding to a plurality of record entries in the healthrecord, the plurality of record entries being associated with themedical expression primitives. The computer-implemented method alsoincludes providing for presentation at the user device information aboutthe plurality of record entries. Other examples of this aspect includecorresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programsrecorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured toperform the actions of the methods.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thecomputer-implemented method where the medical term expression is amedical term index usable for accessing a database in which at least oneexpression primitive is stored. The computer-implemented method whereproviding for presentation information about the plurality of recordentries includes grouping the information about the plurality of recordentries under a heading corresponding to a termbase entity and/orexpression primitive that also correspond to a medical topic. Thecomputer-implemented method where identifying the expression primitivecorresponding to the medical term expression includes identifying thetermbase entity based at least in part on at least one expressionprimitive. The computer-implemented method further including using themedical term expression to generate a uniform medical term correspondingto the at least one search term. The computer-implemented method wherethe health record includes a plurality of medical sub-records sourcedfrom one or more gateways of one or more electronic health recordsystems. The computer-implemented method further including: associating,in a database stored on the user device, metadata with medical termexpressions representing the medical terms from the health record, themetadata being descriptive of the medical terms represented by themedical term expressions. The computer-implemented method may alsoinclude generating an index that associates the medical term expressionswith reference identifiers of the medical terms from the health record.The computer-implemented method may also include receiving a request forinformation about a particular medical term found in the health record.The computer-implemented method may also include in response toreceiving the request, accessing the database using a particular medicalterm expression associated with the particular medical term and theindex to retrieve the information about the particular medical term, theinformation about the particular medical term including certain metadatathat is descriptive of the particular medical term. Thecomputer-implemented method may also include providing the informationabout the particular medical term for presentation at the user device.The computer-implemented method where the information about theparticular medical term provides contextual information about theparticular medical term that was not originally present in the healthrecord. The computer-implemented method where identifying, based atleast in part on the at least one expression primitive, the plurality ofother medical expression primitives corresponding to the plurality ofrecord entries in the health record includes using the at least oneexpression primitive as an index to access a database in whichinformation about the health record is stored. The computer-implementedmethod where processing, by the user device, the search query togenerate the medical term expression includes indexing at least onesearch term using an indexing algorithm. Implementations of thedescribed techniques may include hardware, a method or process, orcomputer software on a computer-accessible medium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram and a flowchart for enabling storageand retrieval of electronic health records on user devices, according toat least one example.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram showing an example architecture orsystem for enabling storage and retrieval of electronic health recordson user devices, according to at least one example.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram and a flow chart for onboardingmedical provider entities on to a system that enables sharing ofelectronic health records between user devices and electronic healthrecord systems, according to at least one example.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram showing a data structure for storingrelationships between entities of an organization entity, according toat least one example.

FIGS. 5-17 illustrate example views of a user interface for onboardingprovider entities on to a system that enables sharing of electronichealth records between user devices and gateways of electronic healthrecord system, according to at least one example.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for managinguser authentication as part of establishing connections to medicalprovider entities to download electronic health records of theelectronic health record systems, according to at least one example.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for managingentity relationships, according to at least one example.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for enablinganonymized user searching of medical provider entities, according to atleast one example.

FIGS. 21-33 illustrate a series of processes, decision points, and userinterface (UI) views relating to a user operating a health applicationof a user device to connect to a gateway of an electronic health recordsystem for downloading health record data, according to various examples

FIG. 34 illustrates a diagram depicting a geographic approach forconstructing a batch of medical provider entities for enablinganonymized user searching of medical provider entities, according to atleast one example.

FIG. 35 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for enablinganonymized user searching of medical provider entities, according to atleast one example.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for enablinganonymized user searching of medical provider entities, according to atleast one example.

FIG. 37 illustrates a block diagram depicting a server-based approachfor managing user device access to a plurality of electronic healthrecord systems, according to at least one example.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for aserver-based approach for managing access of a user device to a gatewayof an electronic health record system, according to at least oneexample.

FIG. 39 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for auser-device based approach for managing access to a gateway of anelectronic health record system, according to at least one example.

FIG. 40 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process forsimulating user connections to gateways of electronic health recordsystems, according to at least one example.

FIG. 41 illustrates a block diagram and a flow chart for indexingmedical terms from an electronic health record, according to at leastone example.

FIG. 42 illustrates a block diagram depicting a user device useable forindexing medical terms from an electronic health record, according to atleast one example.

FIG. 43 illustrates a flow chart and associated depictions for indexingmedical terms from an electronic health record, according to at leastone example.

FIG. 44 illustrates a continuation of the flow chart from FIG. 43,according to at least one example.

FIG. 45 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for indexingmedical terms from an electronic health record, according to at leastone example.

FIG. 46 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for indexingmedical terms from an electronic health record, according to at leastone example.

FIG. 47 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process for removingpersonally identifying information using an indexing engine, accordingto at least one example.

FIG. 48 illustrates a block diagram and a flow chart for enhancing ahealth record using indexed medical terms, according to at least oneexample.

FIG. 49 illustrates an example flow chart showing a process forsearching an electronic health record using a medical term expression,according to at least one example.

FIG. 50 illustrates an example user interface view illustrating aportion of an electronic health record organized according to medicalconcepts, according to at least one example.

FIG. 51 illustrates a simplified block diagram depicting an examplearchitecture for implementing the techniques described herein, accordingto at least one example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various examples will be described. Forpurposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples.However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that theexamples may be practiced without the specific details. Furthermore,well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscurethe example being described.

Examples of the present disclosure are directed to, among other things,methods, systems, devices, and computer-readable media for obtainingelectronic health records from various disparate sources, processing theelectronic health records to enable efficient storage and retrieval, andpresenting medical information from the electronic health records in auniform manner using a health application of a user device. Users towhom the electronic health records belong typically visit differentmedical providers as part of obtaining treatment. These medicalproviders may be part of the same provider organization (e.g., a clinicand a hospital owned by the same entity) or may be part of differentorganizations (e.g., a dialysis clinic owned by a first entity and animaging center owned by a second entity). Each of these medicalproviders may maintain a portion of a particular user's electronichealth record using EHR systems.

Some medical providers may provide web portals (e.g., patient portals)that allow users to view and/or otherwise interact with their respectiveelectronic health records. However, because the medical industry is madeup of many different organizations and because users tend to obtain carefrom different organizations, it is very unlikely that a single webportal will have a complete electronic health record for every user.Instead, users may have to access multiple web portals; however, somemedical providers may not even offer web portal capabilities. Because ofthis, users face challenges as they try to view a complete picture oftheir medical history.

The EHR systems that hosts the web portals may be configured differentlyfrom one another. For example, data storage formats, user andadministrator functionality, and coding schemas may be unique to each. Asystem described herein enables individual, ongoing data pipelines to beestablished with each of these disparate sources. Once a pipeline isconnected, the system described provides a platform for normalizing thedata storage formats, user and administrator functionality, and codingschemas from these disparate sources. Thus, once each pipeline has beenconnected, the data may be stored on a user device in a uniform format,with a predefined set of user functionality, and according to a singlecoding schema. Doing so results in not only a technical improvement to acomputing device, but does so in a way that stores data from thedisparate sources in an optimized manner. The data is optimized as tostorage capacity and storage access. Because of this, the computingdevice operates more efficiently than other devices that accesselectronic health records. This effectively frees up other computingresources for performing other processes.

The system described herein allows users to search for relevant medicalproviders and download, to their smartphones or other user devices,their respective electronic health records from the medical providers.In some examples, this connection may represent a data pipelineconnection with the medical provider. A provider subscription systemoperates as an intermediary between user devices and gateways of the EHRsystems. The gateways are effectively outlets or endpoints provided bythe EHR systems. These endpoints are accessible for downloading datafrom the EHR systems.

Generally, the provider subscription system provides a process foronboarding new medical providers to the system. This includes storingprovider information in a database that is searchable by the userdevices. The provider information can include, for example, locationinformation about the medical providers and configuration informationfor one or more gateways associated with the medical providers. Theusers can use their user devices to search the database to find theirmedical providers. To maintain user privacy, this searching is performedin a way that obfuscates, to the provider subscription systems,relationships between medical providers and searching users. Oncemedical providers have been identified by searching, the user devicesreceive provider information associated with the identified medicalproviders. The user devices use this provider information to establishconnections with gateways associated with the identified medicalproviders. The gateways share electronic health records with the userdevices using an industry standard format such as Fast HealthcareInteroperability Resource (FHIR) created by the Health Level Seven (HL7)International standards organization. Techniques described herein alsomanage the frequency at which the user devices connect to the gatewaysinitially and in the future to check for updates to the electronichealth records registered at the EHR systems.

Once the electronic health records have been downloaded to the userdevices, they are stored using a first data model. The electronic healthrecords are also processed using an indexing algorithm to index eachmedical term (e.g., a text string including one or more words) as amedical term expression (e.g., an index including one or more expressionprimitives). The medical term expressions which may be serialized,computational forms of the medical term are stored on the user deviceusing a second data model. Information associating the medical terms andthe medical term expressions is also saved on the user device. Themedical term expression is useable to present, organize, search, and/oraugment health record information from the electronic health records.This may be desirable to normalize medical entries in the electronichealth records that have been entered by many different medicalprofessionals. These medical professionals may use different formats,abbreviations, orders, words, synonyms, and other changes to describethe same thing. For example, a first doctor may write a prescription as“Tylenol 500 mg daily oral” and a second doctor may write the sameprescription as “500 MG acetaminophen oral taken daily.” Medically,these two prescriptions may be identical. However, conventional indexingsystems may be unable to recognize this similarity. Using the medicalterm expressions described herein, these two prescriptions, which may bepresent in a user's electronic health record, can be represented in auniform way (e.g., “Tylenol 500 MG oral daily”). In this manner, similarrecord entries in the electronic health record can be grouped together,identified during a search, and otherwise used for comparison.

With respect to using medical term expressions for grouping, allinstances of “Tylenol” or “Tylenol 500 MG” across many differentinstances of the electronic health record may be grouped together andpresented in a user interface. Using conventional techniques, it mayonly be possible to see those instances found in the relevant instanceof the electronic health record. In this example, the user may beprovided a richer and more complete picture of her medical history. Thismay prove useful for the user and/or medical professionals when makingdecisions about future care for the user.

With respect to using medical term expressions for searching, the usermay search her medical history (e.g., a collection instances of herelectronic health records) for information about her heart. To performthis search, the keyword heart may be converted to a medical termexpression and used to search a database that includes the other medicalterm expressions from the electronic health record. Identified resultsmay be presented in any suitable manner. The results may includeinstances in the electronic health record where the user's heart wasmentioned (e.g., a timeline of medical events relating to the user'sheart).

Contextual information in the form of metadata can be also associatedwith the medical term expressions. This contextual information can beused to enhance the underlying medical terms. For example, continuingwith the prescriptions discussed above, ingredients, images of pills,usage instructions, and the like (e.g., types of metadata) can beassociated with the medical term expressions and presented when “Tylenol500 MG oral daily” is presented to the user.

Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram 102 and aflowchart showing a process 100 for enabling storage and retrieval ofelectronic health records on user devices, according to at least oneexample. The diagram 102 includes user device 104, which can be anysuitable electronic user device capable of communicating with otherelectronic devices over a network such as the Internet. In someexamples, the user device 104 can be a smartphone or other user deviceon which specialized applications can operate. The user device 104 isassociated with or otherwise operated by a user 106. The user 106 is anexample of a patient whose electronic health records are the subject ofthis specification.

The diagram 102 also includes provider user device 108. The provideruser device 108 can be any suitable electronic user device capable ofcommunicating with other electronic devices over a network such as theInternet. In some examples, the provider user device 108 can be alaptop, personal computer, or other user device on which a provider user110 may interact. The provider user 110 is an example of arepresentative of a medical provider who uses the provider user device108 to interact with a provider subscription system 112. Medicalinformation associated with the medical provider (e.g., electronichealth records of patients of the medical provider) is stored at an EHRsystem 114. The EHR system 114 may be associated with one or moremedical providers (e.g., organization entities, brand entities, and/orlocation entities). In particular, the EHR system 114 may store,organize, and/or otherwise manage health record data generated bymedical professionals of the medical providers. The EHR system 114 mayinclude one or more gateways, each including one or more endpoints toenable multiple connections between the EHR system 114 and otherelectronic devices. In some examples, user devices such as the userdevice 104 may interact with the EHR system 114 using any suitableinterfaces such as gateway application programming interfaces (API). Thegateway APIs may define a set of function calls for communicationsbetween the EHR system 114 and the user device 104.

FIGS. 1, 3, 18, 19, 20, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,and 49 illustrate example flow diagrams showing processes 100, 300,1800, 1900, 2000, 3500, 3600, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4300 (shown onFIGS. 43 and 44), 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, and 4900, according to atleast a few examples. These processes, and any other processes describedherein, are illustrated as logical flow diagrams, each operation ofwhich represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented inhardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In thecontext of computer instructions, the operations may representcomputer-executable instructions stored on one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, perform the recited operations. Generally,computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures and the like that perform particularfunctions or implement particular data types. The order in which theoperations are described is not intended to be construed as alimitation, and any number of the described operations can be combinedin any order and/or in parallel to implement the processes.

Additionally, some, any, or all of the processes described herein may beperformed under the control of one or more computer systems configuredwith specific executable instructions and may be implemented as code(e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one ormore applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, byhardware, or combinations thereof. As noted above, the code may bestored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, forexample, in the form of a computer program including a plurality ofinstructions executable by one or more processors.

The process 100 may begin at 116 by building a provider database 118.This may be performed by the provider subscription system 112 based oninformation received from the provider user devices 108. For example,the provider users 110 may use the provider user devices 108 to shareinformation about the about provider entities with the providersubscription system 112. As described herein, this information may bereceived and processed in a manner to create and maintain complexrelationships between organization entities, brand entities, locationentities, and gateway entities. Maintaining these relationships mayprove useful for enabling efficient searching of medical providers andfor identifying an appropriate gateway corresponding to an identifiedmedical provider.

At 120, the process 100 may include enabling a user device (e.g., theuser device 104) to search the provider database 118. This may beperformed by the provider subscription system 112 based on searchqueries received from the user devices 104. For example, the users 106may formulate search queries for medical providers using the userdevices 104. These queries may be transmitted to the providersubscription system 112. As described herein, subsequent searching stepsmay be performed in a manner that obfuscates, from the providersubscription system 112, the medical providers the user 106 isinterested in. Depending on the obfuscation technique used, the userdevice 104 may manage the obfuscation and/or the provider subscriptionsystem 112 may manage the obfuscation. Once the appropriate medicalprovider has been identified, information about the EHR system 114,which is associated with the medical provider, is provided to the userdevice 104.

At 122, the process 100 may include enabling the user device 104 toconnect to a gateway (e.g., a gateway of the EHR system 114) anddownload health record data. The user device 104 may connect to the EHRsystem 114 using the information about the EHR system 114 received fromthe provider subscription system 112. Downloading health record data mayinclude downloading electronic health records using the FHIR standard.In some examples, the user device 104 may connect to and download frommore than one EHR system 114.

At 124, the process 100 may include processing medical terms from thehealth record data to index the medical terms. This may be performed bythe user device 104. In some examples, as described herein, indexing themedical terms may include generating medical term expressionscorresponding to the medical terms. The medical term expressions may bea serialized form of the medical terms, which may be suitable forstoring in a term base located on the user device 104.

At 126, the process 100 may include presenting the health record databased on the indexed medical terms. This may be performed by the userdevice 104. As described herein, presenting the health record data mayinclude using the indexed medical terms to present the health recorddata in a uniform manner. This may also include using the indexedmedical terms to present contextual information together with the healthrecord data.

At 128, the process 100 may include providing feedback about the indexedmedical terms. This may be performed by the user device 104. Asdescribed herein, providing feedback about the indexed medical terms maybe sent to a terminology management system 130. The terminologymanagement system 130 may be associated with the provider subscriptionsystem 112. In some examples, the two systems 112, 130 may beimplemented by the same set of computing devices. As described herein,the terminology management system 130 may include automated and manualworkflows for updating a term base 132, a version of which was reliedupon by the user device 104 when performing the processing at 124.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram showing an example architecture orsystem 200 for enabling storage and retrieval of electronic healthrecords on user devices, according to at least one example. The system200 includes a few elements introduced in FIG. 1. In particular, thesystem 200 includes the provider subscription system 112, one or moreuser devices 104 a-104 n, one or more EHR systems 114 a-114 n associatedwith one or more medical providers 202 a-202 n, the terminologymanagement system 130, an updater service 204, and a businesssubscription system 206. As appropriate and as illustrated by thearrows, the elements of the system 200 may be communicatively coupledvia one or more networks.

Beginning with the business subscription system 206, the businesssubscription system 206 may be any suitable collection of hardware andsoftware components configured to collect, store, update, and otherwisemanage business locations including those of the medical providers 202.For example, the business subscription system 206 may include a businessdatabase 208 and a subscription service 210 to enable subscription ofthe medical provider 202. When medical provider 202 is subscribed andactive, the user devices 104 may be allowed to connect to and downloadhealth record data from the associated EHR system 114 (e.g., a gatewayof the EHR system 114).

As part of subscribing and managing subscriptions, the subscriptionservice 210 may include functionality to collect, store, update, andotherwise manage business locations. In some examples, the subscriptionservice 210 provides one or more user interfaces by which authorizedusers may input information about their location. This information mayinclude geographic information (e.g., a physical address and pin on amap), image information (e.g., logos), contact information (e.g.,business, legal, technical, etc.), and any other information relating toa business. The subscription service 210 may also be configured tocreate and/or update record entries in the business database 208 basedon information received. For example, an authorized user associated withthe medical provider 202 may share business information with thebusiness subscription system 206. Once this information has been sharedand validated, the business information may published for publicconsumption (e.g., indexed for searching, made available on a mapplatform, shared directly with users, etc.).

The business database 208 may maintain the collected businessinformation and any relationships between entities represented by thebusiness information. In some examples, the business database 208includes some or all of the information stored in the provider database118. For example, because the business subscription system 206 may beused to register all business (not just medical providers 202), recordsfor the medical providers 202 may be maintained in both the businessdatabase 208 and the provider database 118. In some examples, thebusiness subscription system 206 shares business information with theprovider subscription system 112 in any suitable manner.

Turning now to the provider subscription system 112, the providersubscription system 112 may include the provider database 118 introducedherein, a provider service 209, and a test harness 211. Generally, theprovider subscription system 112 may validate the EHR systems 114,maintain information about the medical providers 202 and associated EHRsystems 114, enable searching of the medical providers 202 associatedwith the EHR systems 114, and manage access of the user devices 104 tothe EHR systems 114.

After a medical provider 202 associated with an EHR system 114 has beensubscribed, the test harness 211 of the provider subscription system 112may be used to test and/or otherwise validate that a test user using atest user device 104 can connect to and download data from the EHRsystem 114. In this manner, the test harness 211 may simulate actionsthat one of the user devices 104 may perform to connect to the EHRsystem 114. In some examples, the test harness 211 may test thisconnection when a medical provider 202 is first subscribed and at othertimes after the initial subscription. For example, the connection may betested periodically, when certain conditions are fulfilled, and underany other circumstance. If the test is positive, a status indicator(s)in the provider database 118 associated with the medical provider 202,the EHR system 114, and/or a gateway associated with the EHR system 114may be updated to reflect that the EHR system 114 or the gateway is/areactive. If the test is negative, the status indicator(s) may be updatedto reflect that the EHR system 114 is inactive. When active, the userdevices 104 may be capable of connecting to the gateways of the EHRsystems 114. When inactive, the user devices 104 may be unable toconnect to the gateways of the EHR systems 114.

The provider service 209 may maintain information about the medicalproviders 202 and associated EHR systems 114 in the provider database118, enable searching of the medical providers 202 associated with theEHR systems 114, and manage access of the user devices 104 to the EHRsystems 114. In some examples, the user devices 104 send requests tosearch for the medical providers 202 to the provider service 209. Theprovider service 209 processes these requests and returns results. Insome examples, as part of establishing a connection with one of the EHRsystems 114, the user device 104 will check in with the provider service209 to determine whether any configuration information associated withthe EHR system 114 has changed. The configuration information, which maybe stored in the provider database 118 may include API information,provider identifiers, status indicator information, and any othersuitable information relating to the configuration of the EHR system 114and/or other entities associated with the EHR system 114.

The user devices 104 may include a health application 212 and a termbase 214. Generally, the user devices 104 may be associated with andoperated by different users (e.g., patients of the medical providers202). Functionally, the health application 212 may enable the userdevices 104 to communicate with the provider subscription system 112(e.g., to search for the medical providers 202, obtain configurationinformation about the medical providers 202, and perform othertechniques), communicate with the EHR systems 114 of the medicalproviders 202 (e.g., to download data packages including electronichealth records and/or updates to electronic health records and toperform other such techniques), communicate with the terminologymanagement system 130 (e.g., to upload certain medical terms forrefinement), and communicate with the updater service 204 (e.g., toreceive updates to the term base 214, indexing rules, and other suchinformation relating to indexing medical terms).

In some examples, the term base 214 may include one or more relationaldatabases or other suitable storage schema for storing expressionprimitives and/or medical term expressions. For example, the term base214 may be seeded with expression primitives from the term base 132. Asnew medical term expressions are generated from medical terms (e.g., asmedical terms from the electronic health records are indexed), these newmedical term expressions may be stored in the term base 214. Over time,the term base 214 may begin to represent relationships betweenexpression primitives and medical term expressions that are specific toan electronic health record of a user of the user device 104. In thismanner, the term base 214 may maintain a personalized relational graphrepresenting the electronic health record of the user.

The term base 214 may include a replicated portion of the term base 132.As described herein, the updater service 204 may send updates to theuser device 104 including, for example, updates to the term base 214based on content of the term base 132. The updater service 204 may beconfigured to send rule sets to the user device 104. For example, theserules may be in the form of Property Lists (plists), other XML files,and in any other suitable form. These rules may be used as part ofindexing medical terms.

Given storage considerations, it may be impractical for the term base214 to include all of the information found in the term base 132. Thus,in some examples, the terminology management system 130, which may beCloud-based system, may host one or more APIs that can be used to accessthe term base 132 to page in additional information (e.g., metadata)from the term base 132. In this manner, the user device 104 canselectively download information from the term base 132 to the term base214 in order to enhance the health record data already stored on theuser device 104. In some examples, in addition to metadata, new medicalterm expressions representing medical concepts, medical categories,medical items, may be downloaded from the term base 132 using the APIs.

To maintain patient privacy, API calls to the terminology managementsystem 130 may include randomized term base identifiers and anobfuscated term index to retrieve the information from the terminologymanagement system 130.

The terminology management system 130 may be configured to manageaspects of the medical terminology described herein. In particular, theterminology management system 130 may receive medical terms from theuser devices 104 and resolve their indexing, which may include manualand/or automated processes. For example, if the user device 104 (e.g.,the health application 212 and the term base 214) is unable to index amedical term or unable to index the term based on a comparison ofindexing scores with one or more thresholds, the user device 104 mayupload the medical term and any other associated information to theterminology management system 130. In some examples, a term resolutionworkflow 216 is implemented to resolve the problematic medical terms.For example, the term resolution workflow 216 may include a set ofmanual processes for trained users to review the input medical term, theproposed medical term expression, etc. in order to improve the healthapplication 212 and/or other components that index medical terms. Whenthe term resolution workflow 216 resolves a medical term, updates may bemade to the term base 132, which may then be pushed or otherwisedownloaded by the user device 104. A terminology management service 218may be configured to manage updates to the term base 132 and interactwith other services described herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram 302 and a flow chart showing theprocess 300 for onboarding medical provider entities on to a system thatenables sharing of electronic health records between user devices andthe gateways of the EHR systems 114, according to at least one example.

The process 300 may begin at 304 receiving information 308 about aplurality of entities. In some examples, the information 308 may bereceived by the provider subscription system 112 and from the provideruser device 108 and/or the business subscription system 206. Forexample, the provider user 110 may use the provider user device 108 toprovide the information 308 directly to the provider subscription system112. As an additional example, the provider user 110 may use theprovider user device 108 to provide the information 308 to the businesssubscription system 206. In any event, the information 308 may betransferred to the provider subscription system 112. The information 308about the plurality of entities may include information defining anorganization entity 310, one or more brand entities 312, one or morelocation entities 314, and/or one or more gateway entities 316. FIGS.5-17 illustrate in more detail a process by which the providersubscription system 112 may receive the information 308.

At 318, the process 300 may include creating relationships between theplurality of entities identified by the information 308. In someexamples, this may be performed by the provider subscription system 112.Creating the relationships may be based on the information 308 and/orrule sets that define relationships. FIG. 4 illustrates examplerelationships between entities.

At 320, the process 300 may include storing entity identifiers and therelationships between the entities in a database. In some examples, thismay be performed by the provider subscription system 112, which maystore information in the provider database 118. In some examples, theentities may be organized by organization as a primary class, withsub-classes relating to other entities related to the organization(e.g., brands, locations, and/or gateways). In some examples, thestoring performed at 320 may include creating a record entry in theprovider database 118 for a data object that includes the entityidentifiers and associated relationships.

At 322, the process 300 may include generating a search index forsearching entities in the database (e.g., the provider database 118). Insome examples, this may be performed by the provider subscription system112. The search index may be any suitable index useable for searchingthe database.

At 324, the process 300 may include enabling a user device (e.g., theuser device 104 operated by the user 106) to use the search index tosearch the database (e.g., the provider database 118). In some examples,this may be performed by the provider subscription system 112. Enablingthe user device 104 may include providing a user interface by which theuser 106 can enter search queries for searching for entities. The user106 may desire to search for the entities in order to find the entities(e.g., brands and/or locations) where the user 106 obtains medical care.The information in the provider database 118 associates these entitieswith their respective gateway entities where the electronic healthrecord is actually stored. In this way, the user 106 is able to searchfor provider entities and connect her user device 104 to the gatewaysassociated with the provider entities. This may be desirable becausesearching for the provider entities (e.g., the locations where the user106 receives care) may be more natural than searching for a gatewayand/or EHR system 114 that hosts the data for those locations where theuser 106 receives care.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram showing a data structure 400 forstoring relationships between entities of an organization entity 402,according to at least one example. The data structure 400 may include adata object that represents and associates brand entities 404 a and 404b-404 n, location entities 406 a, 406 b, and 406 c-406 n, and gatewayentities 408 a-408 c and 408 d-408 n, all of which are associated withthe same organization entity 402. As illustrated, the organizationentity 402 may be associated with any suitable number of brand entities404, location entities 406, and/or gateway entities 408. Relationshipsbetween the entities 404, 406, and 408 are shown using the connectinglines.

The organization entity 402 is an example of an organization (e.g.,non-profit, university, corporation, or other business entity) that ownsand operates medical care facilities. For example, the organizationentity 402 may be a healthcare company such as Mayo Clinic. Theorganization entity 402 may be the highest level of granularity by whichany other entity may be described. In some examples, the organizationentity 402 itself is the umbrella under which divisions and/oraffiliates operate. The data structure 400 is organized in a way thatallows a user to easily search for and find the “place” where sheobtains care. Because the organization entity 402 may not actually bethe place where care is administered, the brand entities 404 and/or thelocation entities 406 are used to better represent these places.

The brand entities 404 are examples of the divisions and/or affiliatesdescribed above. For example, the organization entity Mayo Clinic mayinclude a plurality of divisions such as Mayo School of Health Sciences,Mayo Medical Laboratory, and Mayo Clinic Health System. These divisionsmay be represented by the brand entities 404. When a user searches forany of these “places” she will find the data structure 400. The brandentities 404 a and 404 b-404 n are all examples of brands that fallwithin the organization entity 402.

The location entities 406 are examples of physical locations where thebrand entities 404 are located. In some examples, the location entities406 may be known by different names and/or include multiple physicallocations. Thus, the distinction in the data structure 400 between brandentities 404 and the location entities 406. For example, the brandentity 404 a may be associated with two location entities 406 a, 406 b.The two location entities 406 a, 406 b may be examples of buildingslocated on a medical campus branded under the brand entity 404 a. Thelocation entity 406 c is associated with a single brand entity, 404 b.

The gateway entities 408 are examples of EHR systems that are used tostore health records of patients that visit the brand entities 404and/or the location entities 406. In addition, the EHR systems mayprovide patient portals, scheduling, contact management, billing,accounting, imaging management, and other services pertaining to thehealth care field. Examples of EHR systems include sold by: Epic®,Meditech®, CPSI™, Cerner®, McKesson®, Healthland®, Siemens®,Allscripts®, and others.

Gateway entities 408 may be associated with more than one locationentity 406, with more than one brand entity 404, with a single brandentity 404, and/or a single location entity 406. For example, thegateway entities 408 a, 408 b are both associated with the locationentity 406 a. Gateway entities 408 may also be shared across more thanone brand entity 404 and/or more than one location entity 406. Forexample, the gateway entities 408 b, 408 c are shared between thelocation entities 406 a, 406 b. The gateway entities 408 a-40 bc are allassociated with the brand entity 404 a (e.g., via the location entities406 a-406 c). Gateway entities 408 may also be associated directly withbrand entities 404 (e.g., the gateway entity 408 d and the brand entity404 n). Gateway entities 408 may also be dedicated to location entities406 and/or brand entities 404. For example, the gateway entity 408 n isdedicated to the location entity 406 n. In some examples, a singlegateway entity 408 is associated with many location entities 406, whichmay be associated with a single brand entity 404 and a singleorganization entity 402. For example, Walgreens Pharmacy may utilize asingle gateway entity 408 to service hundreds or even thousands ofdifferent location entities 406, all of which may be located at distinctlocations, but share in the same Walgreens name (e.g., have the samebrand entity 404).

The data structure 400 may maintain these complex relationships betweenthe organization entities 402, the brand entities 404, the locationentities 406, and the gateway entities 408. Maintaining theserelationships may prove useful for enabling efficient searching ofmedical providers and for identifying an appropriate gatewaycorresponding to an identified medical provider.

FIGS. 5-16 illustrate example views 502 a-502 m of a user interface 500for onboarding provider entities on to a system that enables sharing ofelectronic health records between user devices and gateways ofelectronic health record system, according to at least one example. Inparticular, FIGS. 5-16 illustrates views 502 a-502 m of the userinterface 500. The views 502 a-502 m may be presented as a webpage on auser device or in any other suitable manner. In some examples, theprovider subscription system 112 and/or the business subscription system206 may provide the provider user device 108 operated by the provideruser 110.

The view 502 a, illustrated in FIG. 5, may include a progress area 504 afor tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., introduction, aboutyourself, business type, etc.). Each action may be completed as thesystem receives and processes information. The information may bereceived by users inputting text in one or more fields within a currentaction area 506 a or by uploading the data in some other manner. In theview 502 a, the current action area 506 a includes fields for a user toinput contact information and/or other information about the person whois providing the information. In some examples, this may be a userauthorized by an organization entity to establish the relationship withthe subscription system(s) 112, 206.

The view 502 b, illustrated in FIG. 6, may include a progress area 504 bfor tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., introduction, aboutyourself, business type, etc.). Each action may be completed as thesystem receives and processes information. The information may bereceived by users inputting text in one or more fields within a currentaction area 506 b or by uploading the data in some other manner. In FIG.6, the current action under consideration is the “Business Type” action.As part of this action, the user may select a business type from thecurrent action area 506 b that represents the organization. This isbecause the user interface 500 and associated system may be used tosubscribe many different types of entities. Depending on the entityselected in the current action area 506 b, the later data collectionsteps may be adjusted. For example, in the view 502 b, the user hasselected healthcare provider 508. Because of this, later data collectionsteps may be tailored to entities that are healthcare providers 508. Inparticular, data about gateways of electronic health record systems maybe collected.

The remaining actions displayed in the progress area 504 b are used togather business information about the business, information about a headoffice or headquarters, address and other geographic locationinformation, web links, email addresses, technical contacts, legalcontacts, and other similar contacts.

The view 502 c, illustrated in FIG. 7, may include a recommendation 702based on an earlier identification of the healthcare provider 508 as theentity type. The recommendation 702 includes a message that recommendsto the user that they enable EHR gateway access. Enabling EHR gatewayaccess may allow patients of the healthcare provider 508 to downloadhealth records to their user devices (e.g., mobile, smart phones). To gothrough the steps of providing information for enabling an EHR gateway,the user may select toggle 704.

The view 502 d, illustrated in FIG. 8, may include a progress area 504 dfor tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., health providerapplication, health provider information). Each action may be completedas the system receives and processes information input by the user. Theinformation may be received by the user inputting text in one or morefields within a current action area 506 d or by uploading theinformation in some other manner. In FIG. 8, as illustrated in theprogress area 504 d, the user is currently inputting informationrelating to the “Health Provider Applicant” action. Thus, the currentaction area 506 d includes fields to input contact information for“Health Inc.” In this example, information for a legal contact has beenrequested.

The view 502 e, illustrated in FIG. 9, may include a progress area 504 efor tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., health providerapplication, health provider information). Each action may be completedas the system receives and processes information input by the user. Theinformation may be received by the user inputting text in one or morefields within a current action area 506 e or by uploading theinformation in some other manner. In FIG. 9, as illustrated in theprogress area 504 e, the user is currently inputting informationrelating to the “Health Provider Information” action. Thus, the currentaction area 506 e includes fields to input information about EHRgateways operated by the health provider. These fields relate to whetherthe EHR gateways are FHIR compliant and, if so, the EHR vendor. The EHRgateways are FHIR compliant when they are capable of outputtinginformation using the FHIR standard. The type of information requestedat a later time in this workflow may depend on the selected EHR vendor.EHR vendors that are not supported may be grayed out, not included inthe list, or may be provided. When provided, a message may be displayedthat indicates why the EHR vendor is not supported. Once an EHR vendorhas been selected, the view 502 f is presented.

The view 502 f, illustrated in FIG. 10, may include a progress area 504f for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 f or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 10, as illustrated in the progress area 504 f, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “EHR gatewayconfiguration” action. Thus, the current action area 506 f includesfields to input information particularly about the EHR gateway selectedin the view 502 e. The action illustrated in the current action area 506f may include assigning the gateway a name (e.g., “Health prod”),identifying the EHR vendor and version (which may be prepopulated),identifying whether patient FHIR endpoints have been deployed,identifying a range of active patient records stored by the EHR gateway,and identifying an EHR vendor organization identifier. Once informationhas been received using the view 502 f, the view 502 g is presented.

The view 502 g, illustrated in FIG. 11, may include a progress area 504g for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 g or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 11, as illustrated in the progress area 504 g, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “EHR contacts”action. Thus, the current action area 506 g includes fields to inputcontact information for the EHR gateway. This may include anadministrative contact, technical contact, and other such contacts. Onceinformation has been received using the view 502 g, the view 502 h ispresented.

The view 502 h, illustrated in FIG. 12, may include a progress area 504h for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 h or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 12, as illustrated in the progress area 504 h, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “FHIR endpointconfiguration” action. Thus, the current action area 506 h includesfields to input information particular to the FHIR endpoint. Using thesefields the user inputs URLs that are specific to the EHR gateway. Insome examples, the URLs may be prepopulated based on other informationinput earlier. In any event, the URLs will be used by other systems fortesting user connections and for connecting to the EHR gateway todownload health data. Once information has been received using the view502 h, the view 502 i is presented.

The view 502 i, illustrated in FIG. 13, may include a progress area 504i for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 i or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 13, as illustrated in the progress area 504 i, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “FHIR testpatient account” action. Thus, the current action area 506 i includesfields for a username and password. The username and password may belongto a test profile that the EHR gateway maintains. The username andpassword may be used periodically to test connections with the EHRgateway (e.g., by the test harness 211). Once information has beenreceived using the view 502 i, the view 502 j is presented.

The view 502 j, illustrated in FIG. 14, may include a progress area 504j for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 j or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 14, as illustrated in the progress area 504 j, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “patient portalconfiguration” action. Thus, the current action area 506 j includesfields for receiving information for configuring a patient portal. Thepatient portal may enable a user to connect to the EHR using a webbrowser to view and/or interact with the EHR gateway. For example,MyChart® provided by EPIC® systems is an example of a patient portal.The systems described herein may use established patient portals toauthenticate users who wish to connect to EHR gateways. Thus, the fieldsin the current action area 506 j relate to the patient portal. Thesefields are used to gather configuration information for the patientportal, which includes size range, registered user range, login URL,home URL, signup URL, and forgot username/password URL. These URLs maybe used within the health application 212 when the user device is usedto connect to the EHR gateway. For example, even if the user has notpreviously signed up with the patient portal, a patient portal signupscreen can still be presented to the user. Once information has beenreceived using the view 502 j, the view 502 k is presented.

The view 502 k, illustrated in FIG. 15, may include a progress area 504k for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 k or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 15, as illustrated in the progress area 504 k, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “patient portaldisplay” action. Thus, the current action area 506 k includes fields forreceiving particular branding information for the EHR gateway. This mayinclude information relating to a brand/tradename, a patient portaltitle, a patient portal description, images, and an examplerepresentation 1502 of how the EHR gateway will look in the healthapplication 212. Once information has been received using the view 502k, the view 502 l is presented.

The view 502 l, illustrated in FIG. 16, may include a progress area 504l for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., EHR gatewayconfiguration, EHR contacts, FHIR endpoint configuration, FHIR testpatient account, patient portal configuration, patient portal display,and EHR system locations). Each action may be completed as the systemreceives and processes information input by the user. The informationmay be received by the user inputting text in one or more fields withina current action area 506 l or by uploading the information in someother manner. In FIG. 16, as illustrated in the progress area 504 l, theuser is currently inputting information relating to the “EHR systemlocations” action. Thus, the current action area 506 l includes a togglebutton for adding another location. For example, if the provider “HealthInc.” includes more than one EHR system, the user may add theinformation about this EHR system using the toggle button. In someexamples, this may cause a repeat of the progress actions illustrated inthe progress area 504 l. Once information has been received using theview 502 l, the view 502 m is presented.

The view 502 m, illustrated in FIG. 17, may include a progress area 504m for tracking progress of a series of actions (e.g., completeapplication, review complete, test FHIR configuration, etc.). Eachaction may be completed as the system receives and processes informationinput by the user. In FIG. 17, as illustrated in the progress area 504m, the user is currently on the “test FHIR endpoint connection” action.The “complete application” action was previously performed with respectto FIGS. 7-16. The “review complete” action may have been performed bythe entity that operates the provider subscription system 112 and/or thebusiness subscription system 206. In some examples, the “review” actionis a manual process and/or an automated process. In a current actionarea 506 m, is illustrated information about a FHIR endpoint of the EHRgateway. The current action area 506 m may also include a test button1702 and a review button 1704. Selecting the test button 1702, theenable the system to go through a predefined test (e.g., a simulation)routine to test the FHIR endpoint. This test routine may includeattempting to connect to the EHR gateway at the FHIR endpoint using thetest patient username and the test patient password input in the view502 i. If the connection is successful, the system also attempt todownload health record data from the FHIR endpoint as a FHIR datapackage. Once the test has been successfully run, the review button 1704may be selected to submit the FHIR endpoint for final review prior to bepublished and made available for user searching. In some examples, theinformation input using the views 502 a-504 m may be used to generatethe data structure 400.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 1800 formanaging user authentication as part of establishing connections togateways of EHR systems 114 to download electronic health records fromthe medical provider entities, according to at least one example. Theprocess 1800 may be performed by the provider subscription system 112,the user device 104, and/or the EHR system 114, including a gatewayentity.

The process 1800 may begin at 1802 maintaining a client secret. This maybe performed by the provider subscription system 112. The client secretmay be specific to a particular EHR system and/or to particular brand ofEHR systems.

At 1804, the process 1800 may include periodically updating the clientsecret. This may be performed by the provider subscription system 112.In some examples, updating the client secret may include generating anew client secret. Updating the client secret periodically may includeupdating the client secret at a set interval (e.g., every month), inresponse to fulfillment of certain conditions, and at any other time. Insome examples, updating the client secret may be performed when there isconcern that the client secret may have been compromised.

At 1806, the process 1800 may include providing the client secret and aclient identifier. This may be performed by the provider subscriptionsystem 112. The client identifier may be specific to the user device 104and/or a user account associated with a user of the user device 104. Insome examples, the client secret and the client identifier may beprovided to the user device 104.

At 1808, the process 1800 may include providing the client secret andthe client identifier. This may be performed by the user device 104. Insome examples, the user device provides the client secret and the clientidentifier to the EHR system 114.

At 1810, the process 1800 may include providing client credentials. Thismay be performed by the user device 104. The client credentials may bespecific to a user associated with the user device 104. The clientcredentials may be associated with a patient portal of the EHR system114. The user device 104 may provide the client credentials to the EHRsystem 114. In this manner the user may log in to the user portal at theEHR system 114.

At 1812, the process 1800 may include providing a code. This may beperformed by the EHR system 114. The code may be generated by the EHRsystem 114 for purposes of connecting with the user device 104. The EHRsystem may provide the code to the user device 104.

At 1814, the process 1800 may include providing the client secret, theclient identifier, and the code. This may be performed by the userdevice 104. These items may be provided to the EHR system 114 inresponse to receiving the code.

At 1816, the process 1800 may include providing an access token and arefresh token. This may be performed by the EHR system 114. These itemsmay be provided to the user device 104. These item(s) may be used by theuser device 104 at a later time to access the EHR system 114. When latercommunications from the user device 104 include these item(s), and insome examples other information, the EHR system 114 may process thecommunications (e.g., download data to the user device 104).

At 1818, the process 1800 may include provide the refresh token, theclient identifier, and the client secret. This may be performed by theuser device 104. These items may be provided to the EHR system 114. Insome examples, providing this information may enable a connection to beestablished between the user device 104 and the EHR system 114.

At 1820, the process 1800 may include establishing a data connectionwith the user device. This may be performed by the EHR system 114. Insome examples, establishing the data connection may depend in part onreceiving the refresh token, the client identifier, and the clientsecret.

At 1822, the process 1800 may include downloading first health recorddata from the EHR system 114. This may be performed by the user device104. Such downloading, like the other communications described herein,may take place over any suitable network or combination of networks. Thefirst health record data may be associated with an electronic healthrecord of a user of the user device 104.

At 1824, the process 1800 may include providing the access token and anew refresh token. This may be performed by the EHR system 114. Theseitems may be provided to the user device 104.

At 1826, the process 1800 may include downloading second health recorddata from the EHR system 114. This may be achievable based on the accesstoken and the new refresh token.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 1900 formanaging entity relationships, according to at least one example. Theprocess 1900 may be performed by the provider subscription system 112and/or the business subscription service 206.

The process 1900 may begin at 1902 by receiving information about aplurality of location entities and at least one gateway entity. Theinformation may be received from a first user device such as a provideruser device operated by a provider user (e.g., an authorized user). Theplurality of location entities and the at least one gateway entity maybe associated with respective entity identifiers. The entity identifiersmay be assigned to the entities in any suitable manner and may uniquelyidentify the entities.

In some examples, receiving the information may include receiving atleast a first portion of the information from a configuration fileuploaded to the server from the first user device. In this example, theconfiguration file may include configuration information useable by thesecond user device for connecting to the at least one gateway.

In some examples, the information comprises configuration informationuseable by the second user device for connecting to the at least onegateway. The configuration information may include a plurality of linksresolving to the at least one gateway.

At 1904, the process 1900 may include associating the plurality oflocation entities with the at least one gateway entity. This may bebased at least in part on the information received at 1902. In someexamples, associating the plurality of location entities with the atleast one gateway entity creates a set of location-gatewayrelationships. The at least one gateway may be shared between at leasttwo of the plurality of location entities. In some examples, the gatewaymay be devoted to a single location entity.

At 1906, the process 1900 may include storing the respective entityidentifiers and the set of location-gateway relationships in a database.The database, which may be referred to as a provider database, mayinclude a plurality of data objects representing a plurality oforganizations each including locations, brands, and gateways.

At 1908, the process 1900 may include enabling a second user device tosearch the database. The second user device may be a device of a patientor other user who is interested in downloading health record data. Suchsearching may be for at least one entity of the plurality of locationentities or the at least one gateway entity.

In some examples, the process 1900 may further include, prior toreceiving the information, providing a user interface at the userdevice, the user interface including a plurality of text fields. In thisexample, receiving the information at 1902 may include receiving atleast a first portion of the information via text input into theplurality of text fields. An example user interface is illustrated inFIGS. 5-17.

In some examples, the process 1900 may further include, prior to storingthe respective entity identifiers and the set of location-gatewayrelationships in a database, simulating a user connection to the atleast one gateway using test user credentials identified from theinformation.

In some examples, the information may include information about aplurality of brand entities. In this example, the process 1900 mayfurther include associating, based at least in part on the information,the plurality of brand entities with the plurality of location entitiesto create a set of brand-location relationships. At least two locationentities of the plurality of location entities may be shared between atleast one location entity of the plurality of location entities. In thisexample, the process 1900 may further include storing the respectiveentity identifiers and the set of brand-location relationship in thedatabase. The respective entity identifiers, the set of location-gatewayrelationships, and the set of brand-location relationships may be storedin a data object associated with an organization entity.

FIG. 20 illustrates a block diagram 2002 and a flowchart showing theprocess 2000 for anonymized user searching of medical provider entities,according to at least one example. The diagram 2002 includes the userdevice 104, which may be operated by the user 106, and the providersubscription system 112 including the provider database 118.

The process 2000 may begin at 2004 by providing a search query includingsearch terms. This may be performed by the user device 104. In someexamples, the user 106 may operate the user device 104 to input thesearch terms, which may then be provided to the provider subscriptionsystem 112. The search terms may relate to a medical provider that theuser 106 desires to find. Once found, the user 106 may operate the userdevice 104 to connect to a gateway of an EHR system of the medicalprovider and download her electronic health record.

At 2006, the process 2000 may include receiving search results includinga minimum number of entities. This may be performed by the user device104. The provider subscription system 112 may process the search queryto identify the minimum number of entities from the provider database118. The entities in the minimum number may be location entities, brandentities, and/or gateway entities, all of which may be consideredmedical provider entities. The minimum number may correspond to somefixed value such as, for example, five, ten, twenty, fifty, etc. Ifprocessing the search query alone does not result in the minimum number(e.g., if the search terms were too narrow), the provider subscriptionsystem 112 may automatically add additional entities to the set to reachthe minimum number.

At 2008, the process 2000 may include receiving user selection of anentity from the minimum number of entities. This may be performed by theuser device 104. For example, the user 106 may use the user device 104to select the entity from a list including the minimum number ofentities. This may be the entity that the user 106 is interested inconnecting to (e.g., a location where the user 106 obtains medicalcare).

At 2010, the process 2000 may include storing identifying entityidentifiers for the entity and other entities in the minimum number ofentities. This may be performed by the user device 104. For example,upon selection of the entity from the list, e.g., at 2008, the userdevice 104 may automatically store identifiers for the entities from theminimum number of entities. The identifiers may be universal uniqueidentifiers, which may be generated by the provider subscription system112 or assigned in some other manner.

At 2012, the process 2000 may include providing a request forinformation about the first entity. The request may include the entityidentifier and the other entity identifiers. This may be performed bythe user device 104. For example, the user device 104 may provide therequest to the provider subscription system 112. Thus, even though theuser 106 is only interested in the first entity, the user device 104 maynevertheless send identifiers for the first entity together with theother entity identifiers. In this manner, the entity that the user 106is actually interested in is obfuscated from the provider subscriptionsystem 112. When later calls are made by the user device 104 to theprovider subscription system 112 for information about the first entity,the same set of identifiers may be used.

At 2014, the process 2000 may include receiving information about theentity and the other entities in the minimum number of entities. Thismay be performed by the user device 104. For example, the providersubscription system 112 may gather up the information, e.g., from theprovider database 118 or other location, and send the information to theuser device 104. Again, even though the user 106 is only interested inthe first entity, the user device 104 receives information about allentities from the minimum number of entities. However, because the userdevice 104 is aware that the first entity is what the user 106 isactually interested in, the user device 104 may sort through theinformation received to identify the relevant information about thefirst entity and disregard the other information about the otherentities.

At 2016, the process 2000 may include using the information about theentity. This may be performed by the user device 104. Using theinformation may include using the information to connect to a gatewayentity associated with the entity to download health record data to theuser device 104.

FIGS. 21-33 illustrate a series of processes, decision points, and userinterface (UI) views relating to a user operating a health applicationof a user device to connect to a gateway entity for downloading healthrecord data, according to various examples. In particular, FIGS. 21-24include processes (a), (b), (c), (d), decision points (A), (B), (C),(D), (E), (F), (G), and (H), and user interface (UI) views labeled (1)through (25) that result from the processes (a)-(d) and the decisionspoints (A)-(H). A selection made at a UI view that carries over betweena first FIG. and a second FIG. is illustrated, for example, using agraphic of the following form:

, in which the (2) uniquely identifies the selection. A process thatcarries over between a first FIG. and a second FIG. is illustrated, forexample, using a graphic of the following form:

, in which the “1” represents the UI view (1) and the “d” represents theprocess (d). A selection at a decision point that carries over between afirst FIG. and a second FIG. is illustrated, for example, using agraphic following the form:

in which the “B” represents the decision point (B) and the “a”represents the option (a) at the decision point (B). A selection that isdirected to a decision point and carries over between a first FIG. and asecond FIG. is illustrated, for example, using a graphic following theform:

in which “A” represents the target decision point (e.g., decision point(A)).

FIG. 21 illustrates a user starting point (1), which identifies theprocesses (a)-(d), and UI view (2). The UI view (2) may be presentedwhen the user first accesses the health application and has alreadyadded a health record (e.g., “(a) health records add account”).Currently, a single record has been added, which appears incompletebecause all categories, except all records, include a zero value. Asmore health records are added, the number of record entries in thecategories will begin to increase. The user may add more accounts byselecting the “add account” UI element. This selection results indecision point (A), illustrated in FIG. 23.

FIG. 22 illustrates user starting point (1) for processes (c) (“sourcestab add account”) and (b) (“health records get started”) respectively asUI views (3) (“health records welcome UI”) and (4) (“sources add accountUI”). The UI view (3) may be presented when the user accesses the healthapplication and selects an option for getting started with healthrecords, which corresponds to the process (b). Thus, the UI view (3) mayinclude a welcome message that includes information about accessing theuser's health records, including downloading the health records to theuser's user device using the user's patient portal. The user may beginthe process for adding health records by selecting the “get started” UIelement. This selection results in decision point (A), illustrated inFIG. 23.

The UI view (4) may be presented when the user accesses the healthapplication and selections an option for adding an account, whichcorresponds to the process (c). Thus, the UI view (4) may include a UIelement selectable to “add account” associated with a medical provider.The UI view (4) may also present a set of other applications relating tothe health application. The user may begin the process for adding healthrecords by selecting the “add account” UI element. This selectionresults in decision point (A), illustrated in FIG. 23.

FIG. 23 illustrates the UI view (5) (“email deeplink”), the UI view (6)(“featured locations UI”), the decision point (A), and the decisionpoint (B). At the decision point (A) it is determined whether locationis enabled, e.g., has the user authorized the health application toaccess location data about the user device. If location is enabled, thenin the UI view (6), the list of providers is served up based onlocation. If location is not enabled, then in the UI view (6), the listof providers is served up alphabetically (e.g., as illustrated in FIG.23). The list of providers may be provided to the user device by theprovider subscription system 112 in response to the user entering searchterms into the search box in the UI view (6). The UI view (6) mayinclude a prompt that reminds the user to search for healthcarelocations that they have visited in the past. The list of providersincluded in the UI view (6) may include a variety of differenthealthcare providers. Selection of one of the providers included in theUI view (6) may result in presentation of the UI view (9), asillustrated in FIG. 25.

The UI view (5) may be presented when the user accesses the healthapplication and selects an option for emailing a deep link to connect tothe gateway, which corresponds to the process (d) from FIG. 21. Thus,the UI view (5) is an example, email application including an exampleemail from a medical provider, “New York-Presbyterian.” In someexamples, the deep link may be generated by the provider subscriptionsystem and shared with the medical provider. In some examples, themedical provider generates the deep link. In any event, the deep linkmay be shared by the medical provider (e.g., via email or in some otherway) with its patients as part of inviting the patients to connect tothe medical provider. The body of the email may explain to the user howto connect and which credentials to use (e.g., “user your myNYPcredentials”). These credentials may correspond to the NYP's patientportal. The UI view (5) includes a UI element selectable to begin theprocess of connection with the health application. This selectionresults in decision point (B), as illustrated in FIG. 23.

At the decision point (B) it is determined whether the email (e.g.,illustrated in the UI view (5) is opened on a supported device. If theemail is opened on a supported device (b) (e.g., a mobile user devicethat can be used to download the health record, as opposed to a desktopcomputer), then following (Bb), the UI view (7) is presented, asillustrated in FIG. 24. If the email is opened on an unsupported device(a), then following (Ba), the UI view (8) is presented, as illustratedin FIG. 24.

FIG. 24 illustrates the UI view (7) (“welcome UI from email”) and the UIview (8) (“yourhealth.com”). The UI view (7) may be presented within thehealth application. The UI view (7) may include a welcome message thatincludes information about accessing the user's health records,including downloading the health records to the user's user device usingthe user's patient portal. The UI view (7) may also include a UI elementselectable to get started accessing one's health records. This selectionresults in presentation of the UI view (14), as illustrated in FIG. 26.

The UI view (8) may be presented within a web browser on the userdevice. The UI view (8) may recommend that the user download the healthapplication on her user device. For example, if the user opened theemail from the UI view (5) on her laptop computer, the UI view (8) maybe presented that explains the health application and prompts the userto open her user device and download or otherwise access the healthapplication.

FIG. 25 illustrates the UI view (9) (“search UI”), the UI view (10)(“provider detail UI multiple locations”), and the decision point (C).The UI view (9) may be presented within the health application. The UIview (9) may include a list of medical providers based on the searchquery “NewYork-Presbyterian.” The results are identified by (a), (b),(c), and (d). Each medical provider in the list may include detailsabout the medical provider sufficient to enable the user to make aninformed decision about each (e.g., decide which of the medical provideris the one at which she obtains care). Selection of the medical provider(a) (“NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital”) results in thedecision point (C).

At the decision point (C) it may be determined whether the selectedmedical provider has one or many gateways. For example, some medicalproviders may have a single gateway (e.g., Walgreens) that supports manylocations. Other medical providers may have multiple gateway thatsupport a single location. The data structure 400 may be accessed at thedecision point (C). If the medical provider has one gateway (a), thenthe UI view (14) is presented, as illustrated in FIG. 26 by following(Ca). If the medical provider has more than one gateway (b), then the UIview (15) is presented, as illustrated in FIG. 27 by following (Cb).

Selection of the medical provider (c) (“CUMC/Columbia Doctors”) in theUI view (9) results in presentation of the UI view (10). The UI view(10) may be presented because the selected medical provider (c) isassociated with more than one location. Thus, in the UI view (10), theuser may be prompted to select the particular location affiliated withCUMC/Columbia Doctors where the user obtains care.

Selection of the medical provider (d) (“CUMC/New-York PresbyterianMorgan Stanley Children's Hospital”) in the UI view (9) results inpresentation of the UI view (11), as illustrated in FIG. 26 by following(9 d). The UI view (11) may be presented when the selected location isunsupported by the health application.

FIG. 26 illustrates the UI view (11) (“provider detail UI—unsupported”)and the UI view (14) (“provider detail UI—supported”). The UI view (11)may be presented within the health application after selection of anunsupported medical provider in the UI view (9), shown as (9 d). The UIview (11) includes contact information for the unsupported medicalprovider and a message prompting the user to contact the unsupportedmedical provider and request support.

The UI view (14) may be presented within the health application afterselection of a supported medical provider in the UI view (9) and whichhas a single gateway, shown as (Ca) from the decision point (C). The UIview (14) includes information about the medical provider and about agateway of the medical provider that can be connected to. A UI elementthat identifies the “myNYP” patient portal is selectable to continue theprocess of connecting to the gateway. Selection of the UI elementidentifying the “myNYP” patient portal results in the decision point(D), as illustrated in FIG. 27.

FIG. 27 illustrates the UI view (15) (“provider detail UI multiplegateways”) and the decision point (D). The UI view (15) may be presentedwithin the health application after selection of a supported medicalprovider in the UI view (9), which has a more than one gateway, shown as(Cb) from the decision point (C). Thus, the UI view (15) includesinformation about the three possible gateways (e.g., “myColumbiDoctors,”“Weill Cornell CONNECT,” and “myNYP”) associated with the medicalprovider that can be connected to. In some examples, the user may berequired to connect to all three gateways in order to obtain all of herhealth records from the medical provider. A UI element that identifiesthe “myNYP” patient portal is selectable to continue the process ofconnecting to the gateway. Selection of the UI element identifying the“myNYP” patient portal results in presentation of the UI view (17), asillustrated in FIG. 29.

At the decision point (D) it may be determined whether the selectedgateway is available. For example, some gateways, while registered inthe provider database, may be unavailable during certain periods oftime. A record associated with the gateway in the provider database mayindicate availability of the gateway. In some examples, periodic testingof the gateway may be used to update the record (e.g., from available tounavailable). If the gateway is unavailable (a), then the UI view (12)is presented, as illustrated in FIG. 28 by following (Da). If thegateway is available (b), then the UI view (13) is presented, asillustrated in FIG. 28 by following (Db).

FIG. 28 illustrates the UI view (12) (“gateway detail UI unavailable”),the UI view (13) (“gateway detail UI available”), and the UI view (16)(“sign in”). The UI view (12) may be presented within the healthapplication after it is determined at the decision point (D) that thegateway is unavailable. Thus, the UI view (12) includes a messageinforming the user that a connection is unavailable because the gatewayis unavailable. The UI view (12) may also include links and/or contactinformation for the gateway and/or medical provider associated with thegateway. In this manner, the user may contact the medical providerdirectly to resolve the issue.

The UI view (13) may be presented within the health application after itis determined at the decision point (D) that the gateway is available.Thus, the UI view (13) includes a UI element (e.g., connect button)selectable by the user to connect to the available gateway. If the userhas made it this far in the process, but has forgotten her password orwould like to sign up for the patient portal, the user may click onlinks provided in the UI view (13). In some examples, this informationpresented (e.g., messages and links) may be gathered as described withreference to FIGS. 5-17. If the user selects the connect button, the UIview (16) may be presented within the health application. The UI view(16) may include fields for the user to input credentials including ausername and password. These credentials may be specific to the gatewayto which the user is connecting (e.g., myNYP associated with New-YorkPresbyterian—The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell). A UIelement that allows the user to sign in (e.g., the sign in button) isselectable to continue the process of connecting to the gateway.Selection of the sign in button results in presentation of the UI view(18), as illustrated in FIG. 29.

FIG. 29 illustrates the UI view (17) (“gateway detail UI connected”) andthe UI view (18) (“allow access”). The UI view (17) may be presentedwithin the health application after selection of the “myNYP” item in theUI view (15). The UI view (17) may include a message informing the userthat a connection has already been made between this gateway and theuser device. The UI view (18) may be presented within the healthapplication after selecting the sign in button in the UI view (16). TheUI view (18) may include a prompt about connecting the user device tothe gateway. When more than one users are associated with the userdevice and/or the gateway, the UI view (18) may be used to select theappropriate user (e.g., John Lane or Jill Appleseed). A UI element thatallows the user to grant access (e.g., the allow access button) isselectable to continue the process of connecting to the gateway.Selection of the allow access button results in presentation of the UIview (19), as illustrated in FIG. 30.

FIG. 30 illustrates the UI view (19) (“transient connecting UI”), the UIview (20) (“successful connection”), and the decision point (E). The UIview (19) may be presented within the health application after grantingaccess by selecting the allowing access button in the UI view (18). Atthe decision point (E) it may be determined whether the connection tothe gateway was successful. If the connection was successful (a), thenthe UI view (20) is presented, as illustrated in FIG. 30. If theconnection was unsuccessful (b), then the UI view (21) is presented, asillustrated in FIG. 31 by following (Eb). The UI view (20) may bepresented within the health application when it is determined at thedecision point (E) that the connection was successful. The UI view (20)may include a message informing the user that she will get an alert onceher records have been downloaded. From this point on, the downloading ofrecords may be more or less automatic. In some examples, the user devicemay contact the gateway periodically to determine whether there areupdates. In some examples, the gateway may send the updatesperiodically.

FIG. 31 illustrates the UI view (21) (“unable to connect) and thedecision point (F). The UI view (21) may be presented within the healthapplication when it is determined at decision point € that the userdevice was unable to connect to the gateway. Thus, the UI view (21) mayinclude a message informing the user about the inability to connect tothe gateway. At the decision point (F) it may be determined whether theuser has opted in to sharing data with the subscription provider system.If the user has not yet opted in to sharing (a), then the UI view (22)is presented, as illustrated in FIG. 32 by following (Fa). If the userhas opted in to sharing (b), then the decision point (H) is traversed,as illustrated in FIG. 32, by following (Fb).

FIG. 32 illustrates the UI view (22) (“confirm download”), the UI view(23) (“health record inbox—connected”), and the decision point (H). TheUI view (22) may be presented within the health application when it isdetermined at the decision point (F) that the user has not yet opted into sharing. In some examples, opting in to sharing may mean that theuser agrees to share certain data with the operator of the providersubscription system. The system may use this data to improve thefunctionality of the health application. If the user agrees to sharedata, no identifying data will be shared with the system. Instead, thedata will be anonymized and/or otherwise disconnected from the user. TheUI view (22) may also include link to learn more about privacy.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of data available from various sources to improve thefunctioning of devices that index medical terms. The present disclosurecontemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may includepersonal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used tocontact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data caninclude demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, emailaddresses, health record data, home addresses, or any other identifyinginformation.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefitof users. The present disclosure further contemplates that the entitiesresponsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage,or other use of such personal information data will comply withwell-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. Inparticular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacypolicies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting orexceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personalinformation data private and secure. For example, personal informationfrom users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of theentity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further,such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consentof the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed stepsfor safeguarding and securing access to such personal information dataand ensuring that others with access to the personal information dataadhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entitiescan subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify theiradherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates examplesin which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personalinformation data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates thathardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or blockaccess to such personal information data. For example, in the case ofmedical data term sharing, the present technology can be configured toallow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in thecollection of personal information data during registration forservices.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedexamples, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousexamples can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various examples of the presenttechnology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or aportion of such personal information data.

Regardless of the user's selection at the UI view (22), the decisionpoint (H) may be considered. At the decision point (H) it may bedetermined, based on where the user first started the connectionprocess, where to go next, e.g., (a), (b), or (c). If (a), the UI view(23) will be presented. If (b), the UI view (24) will be presented, asillustrated in FIG. 33. If (c), the UI view (25) will be presented, asillustrated in FIG. 33.

The UI view (23) may be presented within the health application when itis determined at the decision point (E) that the user started from HRsummary—add account button. The UI view (23) may include a summary ofall health records included on the user device and a list of thosegateways that are connected (e.g., “New York Presbyterian” and “ColumbiaUniversity Medical”).

FIG. 33 illustrates the UI view (24) (“HR summary—downloading data”) andthe UI view (25) (“source add account UI—connected”). The UI view (24)may be presented within the health application when it is determined atthe decision point (F) that the user started from HR summary—get startedbutton. The UI view (25) may be presented within the health applicationwhen it is determined at the decision point (F) that the user startedfrom the source tab—add account button. In the UI view (25), the usermay select an update interval at which new records will be updated.

FIG. 34 illustrates a diagram 3400 depicting a geographic approach forconstructing a batch 3402 of medical provider entities for enablinganonymized user searching of medical provider entities, according to atleast one example. The batch 3402 is similar to the data structure 400in that it includes relationships between brand entities 404, locationentities 406, and gateway entities 408. The batch 3402, however, may notbe associated with an organization entity. This is because, instead ofbeing organized by organization entity, the batch 3402 is organizedgeographically based on a starting medical provider, which in thisexample is medical provider 3404 a, and unique to the medical provider3404 a. The batch 3402 may be identified by a unique batch identifier.

The medical provider 3404 a is a physical location where patients canobtain care (e.g., an address). The medical provider 3404 a may also beassociated with a brand by which patients identify the medical provider3404 a (e.g., a name of the practice, name of an operating entity,etc.).

The diagram 3400 also includes a graphical depiction of an outwardexpanding geographic search 3406. The outward expanding geographicsearch 3406 may include a plurality of bands 3408 a-3408 d. Each of theplurality of bands 3408 is centered at the medical provider 3404 a,expands outwardly, and thereby increases in diameter from 3408 a-3408 d.The area of the bands 3408 corresponds to actual land area (e.g., on amap). For example, the medical provider 3404 a may be located at a citycenter and the bands 3408 may extend towards the suburbs (e.g.,periphery of the city).

The outward expanding geographic search 3406 depiction corresponds to aprocess of building the batch 3402. For example, the process may beginby selecting the medical provider 3404 a. In this example, the batch3402 may be uniquely created for the medical provider 3404 a. Later whenusers request information about the medical provider 3404 a (e.g., aspart of searching the provider database 118), the users will receiveinformation about all or a portion of the entities in the batch 3402,including the medical provider 3404 a. In this manner, the true identityof the medical provider 3404 a may be obfuscated from the server that isenabling the searching.

Beginning with the medical provider 3404 a, a first outward expandingsearch may be performed as represented by the band 3408 a. During thisfirst outward expanding search, the medical provider 3404 a and amedical provider 3404 b are identified. Once any medical provider 3404has been identified, brand information, location information, andgateway information for the identified medical provider 3404 is added tothe batch 3402 (e.g., a data object that includes the informationrepresented by the batch 3402). Thus, as illustrated using similarobject fill, the first outward expanding search represented by the band3408 a revealed brand entity 404 a, location entities 406 a, 406 b, andgateway entity 408 a. In this example, the two medical providers 3404 a,3404 b correspond to the same brand entity (e.g., the brand entity 404a), each correspond to one of the location entities 406 a, 406 b, andcorrespond to the same gateway entity (e.g., the gateway entity 408 a).Relationships between the brand entities 404, the location entities 406,and the gateway entities 408 are represented by connecting lines. Theserelationships may have been previously defined and/or may be definedusing the techniques described herein.

The outward expanding search may be incrementally increased (e.g.,increasing search radius by 1 mile) until threshold numbers of brandentities, location entities, and/or gateway entities have been achieved.The threshold numbers may be different values or the same values. Thus,in this example, three more searches are performed following the firstsearch. These three other searches, discussed below, correspond to thebands 3408 b, 3408 c, and 3408 d. Additional or fewer searches may alsobe performed depending on the implementation.

A second outward expanding search may be performed as represented by theband 3408 b. During this second outward expanding search, a medicalprovider 3404 c is identified. Once identified, brand information,location information, and gateway information are added to the batch3402. Thus, as illustrated using a similar object fill, brand entity 404b, location entity 406 c, and gateway entity 408 b have been added tothe batch 3402. In this example, the medical provider 3404 c isrepresented by the brand entity 404 b, the location entity 406 c, andthe gateway entity 408 b.

A third outward expanding search may be performed as represented by theband 3408 c. During this third outward expanding search, a medicalprovider 3404 d is identified. Once identified, brand information,location information, and gateway information are added to the batch3402. Thus, as illustrated using a similar object fill, brand entity 404c and location entity 406 d have been added to the batch 3402. Becausethe gateway entity 408 b used by the medical provider 3404 d had alreadybeen identified, a new gateway is not added to the batch 3402. Instead,a relationship between the location entity 406 d and the gateway entity408 b is created. In this example, the medical provider 3404 d isrepresented by the brand entity 404 c, the location entity 406 d, andthe gateway entity 408 b.

A fourth outward expanding search may be performed as represented by theband 3408 d. During this fourth outward expanding search, medicalproviders 3404 e, 3404 f are identified. Once identified, brandinformation, location information, and gateway information are added tothe batch 3402. Thus, as illustrated using a similar object fill, brandentity 404 d, location entities 406 e, 406 f, and gateway entity 408 chave been added to the batch 3402. In this example, the medical provider3404 e is represented by the location entity 406 e and the gatewayentity 408 b. The medical provider 3404 f is represented by the brandentity 404 d, the location entity 406 f, and the gateway entity 408 c.

FIG. 35 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 3500 forenabling anonymized user searching of medical provider entities,according to at least one example. The process 3500 may be performed bythe provider subscription system 112

The process 3500 may begin at 3502 by generating a medical entity batch(e.g., the batch 3402). In some examples, the batch may include a brandentity set, a location entity set, and a gateway entity set. Generatingthe medical entity batch may include, e.g., as discussed with respect toFIG. 34, selecting a first location entity associated with a firstgeographic location, beginning, based at least in part on the firstgeographic location, an outward expanding geographic search for otherentities, ceasing the outward expanding geographic search when athreshold number of entities has been identified for each of the brandentity set, the location entity set, and the gateway entity set.

In some examples, generating the entity batch is based at least in parton generating a plurality of other entity batches. In some examples,generating the plurality of other entity batches and the entity batchmay include converting each entity identifier of each medical entity toan integer value in a range between one and a predefined numbercorresponding to a number of slots in each entity batch and assigningeach medical entity to a respective entity batch based at least in parton the respective integer value, the respective integer value beingequal to a respective batch identifier.

At 3504, the process 3500 may include assigning a batch identifier tothe medical entity batch. In some examples, individual entities in themedical entity batch may be associated with respective entityidentifiers.

At 3506, the process 3500 may include receiving a search query (e.g.,from a user device). The search query may include one or more searchterms.

At 3508, the process 3500 may include providing search results includinga list of medical entities. The list may be provided to the user devicebased at least in part on the one or more search terms.

At 3510, the process 3500 may include receiving a request about aparticular medical entity from the list of medical entities. Thisrequest may be received from the user device. The particular medicalentity may belong to the medical entity batch. The request may includethe batch identifier and a particular entity identifier identifying theparticular medical entity.

At 3512, the process 3500 may include providing the information aboutthe particular medical entity together with other information aboutother entities in the medical entity batch to the user device. In someexamples, providing the information about the particular medical entitytogether with other information about other medical entities in theentity batch obfuscates an identity of the particular medical entity.

In some examples, the process 3500 may further include receiving asecond request from the user device for other information about theparticular medical entity. The second request may include the batchidentifier and the particular entity identifier.

In some examples, the threshold number of entities is a different valuefor each one of the brand entity set, the location entity set, and thegateway entity set.

In some examples, at least one gateway entity of the gateway entity setis associated with more than one location entity of the location entityset.

In some examples, a provider database is provided and configured tostore information about the medical entities. In this example, theprocess 3500 may further include, after assigning the batch identifier,storing information about the medical entity batch in association withthe batch identifier in the provider database.

In some examples, the process 3500 may further include enabling the userdevice to establish a connection with a gateway entity associated withthe particular medical entity. In some examples, the information aboutthe particular medical entity comprises configuration informationassociated with the gateway entity. The configuration information may beuseable by the user device to make one or more predefined method callsto the gateway entity.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 3600 forenabling anonymized user searching of medical provider entities,according to at least one example. The process 3600 may be performed bythe user device 1400.

The process 3600 may begin at 3602 by providing a search query to aserver. The search query may include one or more search terms. A usermay input the search terms using any suitable input means.

At 3604, the process 3600 may include receiving search results includinga minimum number of medical entities. In some examples, the searchresults may be received from a server (e.g., the provider subscriptionsystem 112). The search results may be selected based at least in parton the one or more search terms. In some examples, each medical entityof the medical entities is associated with an entity identifier.

At 3606, the process 3600 may include receiving user selection of afirst medical entity from the minimum number of medical entities.

At 3608, the process 3600 may include storing a first entity identifierassociated the first medical entity in association with other entityidentifiers associated with other medical entities from the minimumnumber of medical entities.

At 3608, the process 3600 may include providing a request forinformation about the first medical entity. The request may be sent tothe server and may include the first entity identifier and the otherentity identifiers.

At 3610, the process 3600 may include receiving the information aboutthe first medical entity together with other information about the othermedical entities. In some examples, this information may be receivedfrom the server and in response to providing the request. In someexamples, receiving the information about the first medical entitytogether with the other information about other medical entitiesobfuscates, from the server, an identity of the first medical entity asthe medical entity that was subject to the user selection.

In some examples, the process 3600 may further include establishing aconnection with a gateway entity associated with the first medicalentity.

In some examples, the information about the first medical entityincludes configuration information associated with the gateway entity.The configuration information may be useable by the user device to makeone or more predefined method calls to the gateway entity to establishthe connection with the gateway.

In some examples, storing the first entity identifier associated thefirst medical entity in association with the other entity identifiersassociated with other medical entities is performed at least during aperiod of time when the connection with the gateway exists.

FIG. 37 illustrates a block diagram 3700 depicting a server-basedapproach for managing user device access to a plurality of gateways ofthe EHR systems, according to at least one example. The diagram 3700includes a server (e.g., the provider subscription system 112), a userdevice operated by a user (e.g., the user device 104 and the user 106),and a plurality of EHR systems 114 a-114 n (e.g., gateways entities 408a-408 n). Using techniques described herein, a plurality of independentconnections may be established between the user device 104 and the EHRsystems 114 a-114 n. Using these connections, the user device 104 maydownload electronic health record data for the user 106. The EHR systems114, the provider subscription system 112, and the user device 104 mayall be operated by separate entities. In some examples, networkingequipment at the EHR systems 114 may only be capable of handling acertain number of network request at any given time. Too many requestsat any given time may cause the EHR systems 114 to malfunction orotherwise become unavailable. To address this concern, the providersubscription system 112 may manage when and how frequently the user 106attempts to connect to the EHR systems 114. Such management may be basedon specific characteristics of the EHR systems 114 and/or may be basedon generic characteristics shared by more than one EHR system 114. Forexample, as part of adding the EHR systems 114 to the system operated bythe provider subscription system 112, network capability configurationinformation may be gathered from the EHR systems 114. This informationmay later be used by the provider subscription system 112 to determinewhen and how frequently the user device 104 can contact the EHR systems114. In some examples, the provider subscription system 112 may estimatecharacteristics of the EHR systems 114 to make this determination, whichmay be based on an update value.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 3800 for aserver-based approach for managing access of a user device to a gatewayentity, according to at least one example. The process 3800 may beperformed by the provider subscription system 112, the user device 104,and/or the EHR system 114 (e.g., a gateway entity of the EHR system114).

The process 3800 may begin at 3802 by sending an information request foraccessing a gateway. This may be performed by the user device 104. Theinformation request may be sent to a server (e.g., the providersubscription system 112). The information request may requestinformation about accessing the gateway of the EHR system 114.

At 3804, the process 3800 may include generating an update value basedat least in part on the information request. This may be performed bythe provider subscription system 112. The update value may represent atime period (e.g., a hour, a day, a week, a month, etc.) and may begenerated based at least in part on characteristics of the EHR system114. In some examples, the time period is expressed in seconds. Relevantcharacteristics of the EHR system 114 may include those that are relatedto network load capabilities of the EHR system 114.

At 3806, the process 3800 may include accessing a data object associatedwith the gateway of the EHR system 114. This may be performed by theprovider subscription system 112. The data object may includeconfiguration information useable by the user device 104 for accessingthe gateway. For example, the configuration information may includeapplication programming interface (API) information that is particularto the gateway. Later, the user device 104 may use the API informationfor connecting to the gateway of the EHR system 114 and downloadinghealth record data. The data object may include a universal useridentifier for the gateway.

At 3808, the process 3800 may include providing the update value and thedata object. This may be performed by the provider subscription system112. In some examples, the update value and the data object are providedto the user device 104 in response to the information request.

At 3810, the process 3800 may include receiving the update value and thedata object. This may be performed by the user device 104. The updatevalue and the data object may be received from the provider subscriptionsystem 112.

At 3812, the process 3800 may include determining a random clock value.This may be performed by the user device 104. This may be performed bythe user device 104. The random clock value may be a value that isbetween zero and the update value. The random clock value may correspondto a clock time within the time period. For example, the update valuemay be 86,400 seconds, which corresponds to a period of one hour. Givena current clock time of, e.g., 13:22:00, a random clock value may bedetermined that is within 86,400 seconds of 13:22:00. For example, ifthe random clock value were determined to be 43,200 seconds, then theclock time may be 13:52:00, e.g., half an hour later. The clock time maybe used to schedule future requests (e.g., access requests that requestdownloading) to the gateway of the EHR system 114.

At 3814, the process 3800 may include sending an access request to thegateway at a clock time corresponding to the clock value and inaccordance with the data object. This may be performed by the userdevice 104. The access request may request to download health recorddata maintained by the EHR system 114. In some examples, the data objectmay store configuration information for accessing the gateway of the EHRsystem 114. This configuration information may include API information,URLs, authentication information, etc.

At 3816, the process 3800 may include receiving the access request. Thismay be performed by the EHR system 114. Assuming that the access requestwas sent by the user device 104 at the clock time, the access requestmay be received by the EHR system 114 shortly after the clock time.

At 3818, the process 3800 may include generating a data packageincluding health record data. This may be performed by the EHR system114. The health record data may be generated using the Fast HealthcareInteroperability Resources (FHIR) standard or any other suitablestandard such as those promulgated by the HL7 standard body and/or otherstandard bodies.

At 3820, the process 3800 may include sending the data package inaccordance with the request. This may be performed by the EHR system114. Sending the data package may include sending the data package tothe user device 104. As described herein, the user device 104 may beassociated with a user (e.g., a patient) to whom the health record databelongs.

At 3822, the process 3800 may include storing a portion of the healthrecord data. This may be performed by the user device 104. The userdevice 104 may store the health record data in any suitable format. Partof storing the health record data may include indexing medical termsfrom the health record.

In some examples, the process 3800 may further include sending anadditional information request from the user device 104 and to theprovider subscription system 112 in preparation for sending anadditional access request to the gateway of the EHR system 114. In thisexample, the process 3800 may further include receiving an additionalcommunication from the provider subscription system 112. The additionalcommunication may include a status indicator for the gateway. When thestatus indicator indicates that the gateway is available, the userdevice 104 may send additional access requests to the gateway of the EHRsystem 114.

When the status indicator indicates that the gateway is unavailable, theuser device 104 may refrain from sending the additional access requests.

FIG. 39 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 3900 for auser-device based approach for managing access to a gateway entity,according to at least one example. The process 3900 may be performed bythe provider subscription system 112 and the user device 104.

The process 3900 may begin at 3902 by sending an information request foraccessing a gateway, e.g., of the EHR system 114. This may be performedby the user device 104. The request may be sent to a server, e.g., theprovider subscription system 112. The information request may requestinformation about accessing a gateway of an electronic health recordsystem, e.g., the EHR system 114. In some examples, the informationrequest includes information identifying a medical provider associatedwith the EHR system 114 and a plurality of other medical providersassociated with at least one of the EHR system 114 or a different EHRsystem.

At 3904, the process 3900 may include accessing a data object associatedwith the gateway, e.g., of the EHR system 114. The data object mayinclude access information and configuration information for thegateway.

At 3906, the process 3900 may include providing the data object. Thismay be performed by the provider subscription system 112. Providing thedata object may include providing the data object to the user device104.

At 3908, the process 3900 may include receiving the data object. Thismay be performed by the user device 104. The data object may be receivedin a communication from the provider subscription system 112. Theconfiguration information may be useable by the user device 104 foraccessing the gateway. For example, the configuration information mayinclude application programming interface (API) information that isparticular to the gateway.

At 3910, the process 3900 may include sending a first access request forhealth record data. This may be performed by the user device 104. Thefirst access request may be sent to the provider subscription system112. The first access request may, in particular, request downloading ofhealth record data for a user of the user device 104 that is maintainedby the EHR system 114.

At 3912, the process 3900 may determine whether the download wassuccessful. This may include determining whether the user device 104 wasable to connect to the gateway and/or whether the user device 104received the requested health record data. In some examples, this may bebased at least in part on receiving a connection timeout error from thegateway.

If the answer at 3912 is YES, the process 3900 proceeds to 3914 at whichthe process 3900 may include storing a portion of the health recorddata. In some examples, this may be performed by the user device 104.The user device may store the portion of the health record data using afirst data model. Storing the portion of the health record data mayinclude receiving a FHIR data package, unpacking the data, and storingthe data.

If the answer at 3912 is NO, the process 3900 proceeds to 3916 at whichthe process 3900 may include determining a future time to send a nextaccess request. This may be performed by the user device 104. The secondaccess request may be an access request to be sent to the gateway. Thisdetermination may be based on a predefined route available on the userdevice 104. For example, the predefined routine may be configured todetermine the conditions under which the user device 104 can attempt toconnect to the gateway and/or other remote devices. In some examples,determining the future time may be based at least in part oncharacteristics of the user device. For example, the characteristics ofthe user device may include at least one of locked state, battery life,network connectivity, available processing capabilities, availablestorage, and/or any other suitable characteristic.

At 3918, the process 3900 may including sending the next access request.This may be performed by the user device 104. Sending the next accessrequest may include sending to the gateway at the future time determinedat 3916.

In some examples, the process 3900 may further include sending anadditional information request to the provider subscription system 112in preparation for sending an additional access request to the gateway.In this example, the process 3900 may further include receiving anadditional communication from the provider subscription system 112. Theadditional communication may include a status indicator for the gateway.In this example, the process 3900 may further include refraining fromsending the additional access request when the status indicatorindicates that the gateway is unavailable. In this manner, the userdevice 104 may check in with the provider subscription system 112 toobtain updated status information for the gateway. This may minimize thesituation in which the user device 104 attempts to contact the gateway,but cannot obtain information because the gateway is unavailable. If thegateway is available, then the user device 104 may contact the gateway.

FIG. 40 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 4000 forsimulating user connections to gateways of electronic health recordsystems, according to at least one example. The process 4000 may beperformed by the provider subscription system 112.

The process 4000 may begin at 4002 by simulating user connections to aplurality of gateways. The simulation may be performed during a firstperiod. The plurality of gateways may be associated with a plurality ofelectronic health record systems configured to maintain electronichealth records for a plurality of users (e.g., patients). In someexamples, simulating the user connections to the plurality of gatewaysmay include using test user credentials to connect to test user profilesmaintained by the plurality of EHR systems. The process 4000 may alsoinclude texting the gateway.

At 4004, the process 4000 may include determining a simulation conditionof a first user connection to a first gateway of the plurality ofgateways. The simulation condition may be identified while simulatingthe user connections to the plurality of gateways at 4002. Thesimulation condition includes at least one of a partial failurecondition, a complete failure condition, or a success condition.

At 4006, the process 4000 may include performing a first action when thesimulation condition indicates a partial failure. The first action mayinclude simulating a second user connection to the first gateway duringa second period. The first action may also include determining that thefirst gateway is inactive based at least in part on the second userconnection failing during the second period. The first action may alsoinclude notifying a set of user devices that the first gateway isinactive. For example, the provider subscription system 112 may maintaina registry of user devices that maintain connections to the firstgateway. Using this registry, the provider subscription system 112 maysend a status message to the user devices. In some examples, thenotifying the user devices may include publishing a status of the firstgateway to a network location accessible by the user devices. Forexample, the provider subscription system 112 may update a record in theprovider database 118 in which the information about the first gatewayis saved. When the user devices “check in” with the providersubscription system 112 prior to connecting to the first gateway, theprovider subscription system 112 can share the updated statusinformation.

At 4008, the process 4000 may include performing a second action whenthe simulation condition indicates a complete failure. In this example,the second action may include notifying the set of user devices that thefirst gateway is inactive without simulating the second user connection.For example, the simulation condition may be so severe that the userdevices should not even try to connect to the first gateway. Notifyingthe set of user devices may be performed as discussed with reference toblock 4006.

At 4010, the process 4000 may include performing a third action when thesimulation condition indicates a success. In this example, the thirdaction may include enabling the set of user devices to connect to thefirst gateway. This may include updating an availability status of thegateway and allowing the user devices to access the availability status.In some examples, the third action may include enabling the set of userdevices to connect to the first gateway in accordance with an updatevalue. The update value may be defined as a future time window in whichthe set of user devices randomly connect to the first gateway.

FIG. 41 illustrates a block diagram 4102 and a flow chart illustratingthe process 4100 for indexing medical terms from an electronic healthrecord, according to at least one example. The block diagram 4102 mayinclude the user device 104, the EHR system 114, and the terminologymanagement system 130. In some examples, the terminology managementsystem 130 performs at least a portion of the process 4100. For example,the terminology management system 130 may index terms in a similarmanner as the user device 104. In some examples, the terminologymanagement system 130 may obtain access to many electronic healthrecords (e.g., from a clinical data warehouse or other storagelocation). Using the electronic health records, the terminologymanagement system 130 can build the term base 132.

The process 4100 may begin at 4104 by downloading a data packageincluding health record data from a gateway of the EHR system 114. Thismay be performed by the user device 104. The health record data may bein any suitable format including, for example, the FHIR® standard,Clinical Documentation Architecture (CDA®), other standards promulgatedby the Argonaut® project, or any other suitable standard. The healthrecord data may include a personal electronic health record of a patientassociated with a medical provider that is associated with the EHRsystem 114. In some examples, the personal electronic health recordrepresents a portion of the user's 106 personal health record.Downloading the data package may include storing the electronic healthrecord data according to a first data model.

At 4106, the process 4100 may include indexing medical terms in thehealth record data. This may be performed by the user device 104. Themedical terms may be text in the health record data that describesaspects of the user's 106 health. For example, the medical terms may betext strings that describe a visit to a doctor, a prescription, resultsfrom a lab test, results from an imagery test, vital sign data, and anyother suitable structure or unstructured data item from the electronichealth record. As an additional example, the medical terms may beindustry standard codes (e.g., RxNorm™, LOINC®, SNOMED™, and othersuitable standard codes). Indexing the medical terms may includegenerating a medical term expression for the medical terms. The medicalterm expression is composed of medical term primitives that representparts of the medical term. When a medical term is indexed, thecorresponding medical term expression can be saved off and used for manydifferent purposes described herein. Other information can be saved offthat allows reproduction of the original medical term based on themedical term expression. Indexing medical terms will be described inmore detail herein (e.g., FIG. 43-44). In some examples, the medicalterm expression may be generated using an industry standard code

At 4108, the process 4100 may include determining whether the medicalterms are indexable. This may be performed by the user device 104. Aterm is indexable if the user device can generate a medical termexpression for the medical term. If medical terms are un-indexable, at4110, the process 4100 may include uploading the un-indexable medicalterms for resolution. This may include uploading the un-indexablemedical terms to the terminology management system 130. Receipt of theun-indexable medical terms by the terminology management system 130 maytrigger a workflow for resolving the medical terms. This workflow mayinclude presenting the medical terms to medical professionals todetermine a meaning for each of the medical terms. In some examples, themedical professionals may compare the medical terms with the proposedindexed terms to see if an association is improper.

Once the terminology management system 130 has resolved the un-indexablemedical terms, these terms may be send to the user device 104 using theupdater service 204. For example, the updater service 204 may send theresolved terms as an over-the-air update to the user device 104. Theuser device 204 may then add the resolved terms to the term base 214. Insome examples, the resolved terms may be provided to the user device 104as part of an operating system update. In this example, the user mayperform some action to initiate the operating system update. In theover-the-air update example, the updates may happen in the backgroundwhen certain device conditions are met (e.g., connected to a WiFinetwork, plugged in, etc.), but without the user having to perform anaction.

If the term is indexable, the process 4100 may proceed to 4112, atwhich, the process 4100 may include computing scores for the indexedmedical terms. This may be performed by the user device 104 as part of afinalization process. The scores may represent how well the terms wereindexed. The scores may include a completion score representing how wella particular medical term corresponds to an ideal medical term. Thecompletion score may be based at least in part on a medical category towhich the indexed medical term belongs. The scores may also include acoverage score representing a ratio of how much of the particularmedical term was indexed (e.g., 75% of the words from the particularmedical term are represented by the indexed medical term). The scoresfor the indexed medical terms may be shared with the terminologymanagement system 130.

At 4114, the process 4100 may include storing the indexed medical terms.This may be performed by the user device 104. The indexed terms may bestored in a term base according to a second data model that is differentfrom the first data model.

At 4116, the process 4100 may include using the indexed medical terms topresent medical information. This may be performed by the user device104. This may include presenting the medical information in a uniform orotherwise normalized manner, sorting and organizing a personal healthrecord, searching other databases for medical data, supplementing thepersonal health record with metadata that enhances the user experienceof interacting with her personal health record. For example, medicalterms that are sourced from many different medical providers can beindexed. To achieve uniformity in how the data is organized andpresented, the indexed medical terms can be used. Doing so essentiallyallows the user device 104 to compare raw medical terms from thedifferent medical providers to determine that the medical providers arereferring to the same thing, even though they may be using differentlanguage.

FIG. 42 illustrates a block diagram 4200 depicting the user device 104useable for indexing medical terms from an electronic health record,according to at least one example. As introduced herein, the user device104 may include the health application 212 and the term base 214. Thehealth application 212 may include an indexing engine 4202 that includesa plurality of components 4202-4214. Generally, the indexing engine 4202may include an indexing algorithm adapted to achieve the functiondescribed herein. The function of these components will be discussedwith reference to a flow chart and associated depictions in FIGS. 43 and44. The flow chart in FIGS. 43 and 44 shows the process 4300 relating toindexing medical terms, according to at least one example.

The indexing engine 4202 operates with respect to an information modelincluding a plurality of termbase entity types including, for example,medical topics, medical categories, items, and synonyms. In addition,metadata may be associated with medical terms using three different datatypes including, for example, classifications, facts, and expressions.

A medical topic, sometimes referred to as a medical grammar, may definethe data characteristics (e.g., medical categories) that are unique to aparticular medical topic. Examples of medical topics include, forexample, allergies, conditions, immunizations, labs, medications,procedures, units, vitals, and other similar descriptive medical topics.

A medical category is a classification of a quantifiable value that maybe extracted from a term and is associated with one or more categories.Thus, a medical category further defines a medical topic. Examplesmedical categories for the medical topics of allergies, conditions,immunizations, labs, medications, procedures, units, and vitals arepresented below respectively in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.Examples of the medical categories are also shown below. For example,“hypersensitivity to” is an example of a medical category of“disposition” in the medical topic of “Allergies” shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Medical Topic: Allergies Medical Category Example Disposition“hypersensitivity to” Substance “Dog hair” Reaction “hives” Severity“mild” Ignore “allergy”

TABLE 2 Medical Topic: Conditions Medical Category Example bodySite“breast” bodySystemOrRegion “genitourinal” finding “Fracture” laterality“left” position “top” observable “Glucose tolerance test” organism“Leucocytozoon” substance “1,3-beta-glucan synthase” process “Sting”,“Life event” physicalForce “Gravity” procedure “Hysterectomy” device“Pacemaker battery” category “First degree” findingQualifier“Unruptured” Course “Chronic” severity “Severe” occurrence “Congenital”Ignore “(disorder)”, “of”, “for”

TABLE 3 Medical Topic: Immunizations Medical Category Example brandName“Fluvax” Vaccine “Influenza” formulation “adjuvant”, “2015-16” Route“Nasal” ageRange “adolescent”, “>10 years old” ignore “dialysis”

TABLE 4 Medical Topic: Labs Medical Category Example analyte “Advil”analyteQualifier “Ibuprofen” analyteSubQualifier “150 MG” challenge “20Mpost collection” adjustment “corrected for albumin” property “Numberfraction” timeAspect “Point in time” specimen “urine” bodySite “cervix”valueType “Quantitative” Method “Agar diffusion” Ignore “Result”, “seeemr for details”

TABLE 5 Medical Topic: Medications Medical Category Example brandName“Advil” ingredient “Ibuprofen” strength “150 MG” Route “Oral” doseForm“Tablet” doseFormQualifier “Extended Release” releasePeriod “12 HR”ignore “(bulk)”, “(USP)”

TABLE 6 Medical Topic: Procedures Medical Category Example procedure“EKG” device “Pacemaker” substance

TABLE 7 Medical Topic: Units Medical Category Example Unit “mg/ml”

TABLE 8 Medical Topic: Vitals Medical Category Example Vital “Heartrate” ignore “oral”

A medical data item may be a quantifiable value that may be extractedfrom a medical item (e.g., for the brand name category in a medicationtopic, medical items may include Motrin, Advil, Tylenol, etc.). Thus,medical data items may be grouped by the medical category to which theybelong. Medical data items may always be unique to their associatedcategory. In some examples, medical data items may represent the mostprecise way to describe the quantifiable value it represents, whichoften is not an abbreviation or synonym. In the event that a symbolassociated with a medical data item is valid for multiple medicalcategories (e.g., Motrin), a unique medical item with the same symbolcould exist in all relevant medical categories.

A synonym may be a quantifiable value that is an alternative to itscorresponding medical item (e.g., “Mot.” may be a synonym to “Motrin”).Synonyms may be associated with a specific medical item, in the eventthat the symbol (e.g., Mot.) associated with the synonym is valid formultiple medical items and/or medical categories. In some examples, aunique synonym with the same symbol may exist within all relevantmedical items and/or medical categories.

In addition to the core ontology from above, metadata may be associatedwith medical terms using three different data types including, forexample, classifications, facts, and expressions. A classification maydefine a predicate (e.g., classification [pain reliever,anti-inflammatory, cancer drug], color, usage/directions, etc.). A factmay be a Web Ontology Language (OWL) triple and that associatesclassification, medical term expressions, and a value. An expressionspecifies a medical term (e.g., Motrin 200 Mg Oral Tablet) as an index(e.g., [100, 101, 102, 2000]. The techniques described herein relate toconverting medical terms to expressions and using those expressions toperform various other operations.

In some examples, another data type is used for indexing. For example, arule describes a context-specific operation to be performed during theindexing process. Rules are often scoped to a medical topic, andsub-scoped to a medical category. In this manner, a rule may betriggered for a specific medical topic and medical category, but not forother topic/category combinations. Using rules may allow the indexingengine 4202 to produce customized results. In some examples, the rulescontain both a scope and sub-scope, an evaluation order (in the eventthat multiple rules are defined for a step/phase), as well asoperation-specific parameters.

Generally, the indexing engine 4202 may be configured to implement aprocess of transforming raw medical terms into quantifiable values(e.g., medical term expressions including expression primitives) thatare well suited for storage in a database. These quantifiable values maybe queried and/or otherwise manipulated in a manner that produces uniquebenefits for the users of this technology. The output from the indexingengine 4202 after indexing a raw medical term may include a term indexfor the medical term and an accompanying data structure that describesin detail each medical category, medical data item, synonyms, etc. thatwere identified in the raw medical term. The term index is a fingerprintof the medical term referred to as a term expression. The termexpression is made up of multiple expression primitives that each map toa medical data item or synonym of a medical data item in the term base.In this manner, the term index represents the raw medical term.

Two raw medical terms that result in the same medical term expressionmay be considered equivalent even though the structure and content ofeach of the medical terms is different. For example, indexing the terms“Motrin 200 mg Oral Tablet” and “mot. or. tab. 200 mg” using theindexing engine 4202 will produce the same medical term expressions andare therefore equivalent even though they are visibly different. Themore information extracted from the medical term, the longer the medicalterm expression will be. For example, “Motrin Ibuprofen 200 mg OralTablet” will have a longer medical term expression than the exampleabove because Ibuprofen maps to an ingredient (e.g., a medical category)in the medications topic (e.g., a medical topic).

The plurality of components 4202-4214 may include a parsing component4204, a tokenizing component 4206, a syntactic component 4208, asemantic component 4210, an assembly component 4212, and a finalizationcomponent 4214. Generally, the process of indexing medical terms mayinclude pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing. For example,at any of these stages, rules, as described herein, may be implementedto alter the stage. Because the rules may be applied in the data, theymay be applied in an efficient and agile manner. New rule types may beadded at any time, without impacting the underlying algorithm thatconstitutes the plurality of components 4202-4214. For example, when anew pattern is recognized in multiple medical records or something isnot displaying correctly, a new rule type may be added at any point inthe processes described below to adjust the indexing of the medicalterms.

As illustrated in FIG. 43, the process 4300 may begin at 4304 by usingthe parsing component 4204. This may be performed by the indexing engine4202. The parsing component 4204 may be configured to extract and parseraw, original medical terms from health record data (e.g., a FHIR datapackage including an electronic health record). For example, the parsingcomponent 4204 may parse a raw medical term 4306. This parsingsubdivides the medical term 4360 into a plurality of individual words,referred to as medical data sections 4308 or more simply sections.

Rules applied at this stage may focus on string manipulation. Forexample, the rules may adjust the order of the words in the string,ignore certain words, etc. In some examples, the rules may includepre-processing delimiting rules. These rules may set topic-specificdelimiters to be used to split the raw medical delimiters. Thetopic-specific delimiters may be used to split the raw medical term 4306into the individual medical data sections 4308. In some examples, therules may include pre-processing replacing rules. These rules may definea regular expression that is used to replace content in the raw medicalterm 4306 with other content. In some examples, this rule may result insimplified processing downstream since it can be used to normalizeotherwise complex character sequences.

At 4310, the process 4300 may include using the tokenizing component4206. This may be performed by the indexing engine 4202. The tokeningcomponent 4206 may be configured to transform the medical data sections4308 into a plurality of composite medical data sections 4312 or simplycomposite sections. The plurality of composite medical data sections4312 include the medical data sections 4308 and possible combinations ofmultiword sequences of medical data sections 4308 found in the rawmedical term 4306.

Rules applied at this stage may focus on manipulation of the compositemedical data sections 4312. For example, the rules may adjust multiwordsequences, add and/or remove certain words, and cause other changes tothe composite medical data sections 4312. In some examples, the rulesmay include post-processing expanding rules. These rules may be used toidentify and add composite medical data sections 4312 that are based onexisting composite medical data sections 4312 that have been expanded toinclude leading and trailing delimiters characters. In some examples,the purpose of this rule may be to accommodate the storage of medicaldata items in the term base that include this punctuation. In someexamples, the rules may include post-processing replacing rules. Theserules may be used to identify and add new composite medical datasections 4312 that are based on existing composite medical data sections4312 that have been transformed to exclude text that matches a certainpattern.

At 4314, the process 4300 may include using the syntactic component4314. This may be performed by the indexing engine 4202. The syntacticcomponent 4314 may be configured to identify candidate medical dataitems and synonyms present in the raw medical term 4306 (e.g., Motrin,200 MG, Tablet, Oral). In table 4316, these medical data items arepresented together with other information about the identified sections.For example, the table 4316 may include the raw sections from the rawmedical term 4306 (e.g., motrin, 200 mg, tablet, oral), a medicalcategory assigned to each raw section (e.g., brand, ingredient,strength, dose form, route), a position of the raw section in the rawmedical term 4306 (e.g., 0-5, 7-12, 14-19, and 21-24). The candidatemedical data items and synonyms may be represented as item descriptors.

Rules applied at this stage may focus on inclusion and/or exclusion ofadditional medical categories and adding, changing, and/or removing itemdescriptors. In some examples, the rules may include pre-processingrules based on medical categories. These rules may be used to specifyadditional categories to be used when searching for medical data itemsand/or synonyms.

At 4318, the process 4300 may include using the semantic component 4210.This may be performed by the indexing engine 4202. The semanticcomponent 4210 may be configured to determine which item descriptors(e.g., items and synonyms) should be included in a uniform medical term4320 (e.g., Motrin, 200 MG, Tablet, Oral). In this example, the semanticcomponent 4210 identifies the same item descriptors to be included inthe uniform medical term 4320 because there were no overlapping words orphrases identified.

The semantic component 4210 may also configured to determine the bestcombination of item descriptors based on rules. For example, a rule maydefine what are the necessary elements to fully define a medication(e.g., brand, ingredient, strength, dose form, and route). The rules mayindicate when brand names should be replaced by generic names oringredients, and may indicate any other suitable distinction.

In some examples, the rules may include pre-processing relating touncategorized medical data sections. These rules may include adding itemdescriptors that have no corresponding medical category. For example,this may mean that the word/phrase was not in the term base/database.This may affect scoring of the indexed term.

In some examples, the rules may include pre-processing that removesoverlaps by category. These rules may function to remove large itemdescriptors that overlap a smaller expression primitive and for whichanother alternative, smaller item descriptors, which occupies the samepart of the raw term and has the same medical category, exists.

In some examples, the rules may include pre-processing rules that removeoverlaps by size. These rules may function to remove overlapping itemdescriptors from the list of item descriptors extracted from the rawmedical terms. An item descriptor may overlap another item descriptor ifany part of the text occupies the same location within the medical termexpression.

At 4324, the process 4300 may include using the assembly component 4212.This may be performed by the indexing engine 4202. The assemblycomponent 4212 may be configured to generate expression primitives 4326that correspond to each of the medical data items (e.g., itemdescriptors) identified previously. For example, the expressionprimitive for “Motrin” may be “3218”, for 200 MG “8875”, and so on andso forth. The assembly component 4212 may also be configured to generatea medical term expression 4328 that includes the expression primitives4326 and corresponds to the uniform medical term 4320. The medical termexpression 4328 may function as a parse tree that represents the uniformmedical term 4320.

Rules applied at this stage may focus on altering the parse tree. Insome examples, the rules may include in-processing rules to excludecategories. The item descriptors may be associated with the medicalcategories from the medical term expression 4328.

In some examples, the rules may include pre-processing rules to groupitems. For example, these rules may group item descriptors in the parsetree. For example, grouping may be used to explicitly group ingredientand strength within a medications medical term expression. In someexamples, these rules may be used to create parse trees containingmultiple, separate medical topics (e.g., notes entered by a doctor ornurse may be indexed, resulting in multiple types of data, includingdiagnosis and treatment).

In some examples, the rules may include post-processing sorting. Theserules may sort the parse tree by medical category and position. Forexample, this rule may be used to order the term index so that the moreimportant medical categories are first in the term index.

At 4330, the process 4300 may include using the finalization component4214. This may be performed by the indexing engine 4202. Thefinalization component 4214 may be configured to generate additionalinformation from the data contained in the parse tree generated at 4324.In this example, this additional information may include the uniformmedical term 4320, a metadata record 4332, and one or more scores. Insome examples, the scores 4334 may include a coverage score and acompletion score. The coverage score may represent how much of the rawmedical term 4306 was indexed. In this example, the coverage score maybe 100 because the entire raw medical term 4306 is represented by themedical term expression 4328 and the uniform medical term 4320. Thecompletion score may represent how complete the uniform medical term4320 is compared to a defined complete score. In this example, thecompletion score may be 100 because the medical term expression 4328 andthe uniform medical term 4320 include the necessary components of amedication. In some examples, the metadata record 4332 includes its ownexpression primitive that exactly maps to the uniform medical term 4320.The metadata record 4332 may include additional contextual informationrelated to the uniform medical term 4320 that can be used to enhancepresentation of the uniform medical term 4320.

As described herein, the indexing engine 4202 may be used toquantify/fingerprint raw medical terms extracted from health recordsdownloaded on to user devices. The term index associated with theseterms may be stored in the health application 212 and/or the term base214. In some examples, the term index can be stored in other locationssuch as a database associated with the health application 212.Information from this database can be accessed by first and third partyapplications. The indexing engine 4202 may identify and removepersonally identifiable information (PII) from raw terms explicitly sentby user devices to a server. In some examples, the indexing engine 4202may combine the term index with term base metadata. This information canbe exposed to APIs to allow digital assistants to convey health carerelated information to users. In some examples, the indexing engine 4202can be used in other domains where users ask questions that need to beprecisely interpreted in a context-sensitive manner and for whichadditional fact and/or metadata is often available that will enrich theresult of the query.

FIG. 45 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 4500 forindexing medical terms from an electronic health record, according to atleast one example. The process 4500 may be performed by the user device104. In some examples, the provider subscription system 112 may performthe process 4500.

The process 4500 may begin at 4502 by accessing a medical term from anelectronic health record. The electronic health record may be stored ona user device.

At 4504, the process 4500 may include indexing the medical term using aterm base to generate a medical term expression. In some examples,indexing the medical term may include parsing the medical term toidentify one or more medical data sections present in the medical term.Each medical data section may represent a constitute part of the medicalterm. In some examples, indexing the medical term may include assigningthe one or more medical data sections to one or more medical categoriesof a plurality of medical categories represented in the term base. Insome examples, each medical category may include a logical grouping ofthe medical data sections. In some examples, indexing the medical termmay include assembling a medical term expression including one or moreexpression primitives based at least in part on information associatedwith the one or more medical categories. The medical term expression maybe useable for generating a uniform medical term corresponding to themedical term. The medical term expression may include a concatenation ofthe one or more expression primitives.

At 4506, the process 4500 may include storing the medical termexpression on the user device. In some examples, the term base may bestored on the user device. In this example, storing the medical termexpression on the user device may include storing the medical termexpression in the term base.

In some examples, the medical term expression may constitute a termindex for accessing the term base.

In some examples, the medical term expression may include acomputer-quantifiable expression.

In some examples, the process 4500 may further include determining oneor more uniform item descriptors corresponding to the one or moremedical data items sections based at least in part on the one or moremedical categories. In this example, the process 4500 may furtherinclude converting the one or more medical data sections into the one ormore expression primitives based at least in part on the one or moreuniform item descriptors.

In some examples, the process 4500 may further include receiving, by theuser device and from an endpoint of an electronic health record system,a data package including the electronic health record.

In some examples, the process 4500 may further include a computingcompletion score representing a completeness of the medical termexpression based at least in part on a medical category to which themedical term expression belongs.

In some examples, the process 4500 may further include computing acoverage score representing a ratio of the one or more medical dataitems sections with respect to the one or more expression primitives. Inthis example, the process 4500 may further include sending informationabout the medical term expression to a terminology management systemwhen the coverage score falls below a coverage threshold. Theterminology management system may be configured to resolve the term andimprove future indexing.

FIG. 46 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 4600 forindexing medical terms from an electronic health record, according to atleast one example. The process 4600 may be performed by the user device104. In some examples, the provider subscription system 112 may performthe process 4600.

The process 4600 may begin at 4602 by receiving a data package includingan electronic health record. The electronic health record may includeraw medical data. Receiving may be by a user device and from a gatewayof an electronic health record system.

At 4604, the process 4600 may include storing the electronic healthrecord on the user device according to a first data model.

At 4606, the process 4600 may include extracting raw medical terms fromthe raw health data. In some examples, each raw medical term may includea text string.

At 4608, the process 4600 may include decomposing a raw medical term ofthe raw medical terms into a plurality of medical data sections presentin the raw medical term.

At 4610, the process 4600 may include determining a medical topic towhich the raw medical term belongs. In some examples, the medical topicmay include a plurality of medical categories.

At 4612, the process 4600 may include, for a medical data section of theplurality of medical data sections, assigning the medical data sectionto a medical category of plurality of medical categories based at leastin part on a comparison of the medical data item with other medical dataitems represented in the medical category.

At 4614, the process 4600 may include determining a uniform itemdescriptor corresponding to the medical data item based at least in parton the medical category.

At 4616, the process 4600 may include generating an expression primitivefor the medical data item based at least in part on the uniform itemdescriptor.

At 4618, the process 4600 may include generating a medical termexpression. In some examples, this may be based at least in part on theexpression primitive. The medical term expression may represent the rawmedical term in a quantifiable format and may be formed from theexpression primitive and a plurality of other expression primitives.

In some examples, the expression primitive may be a term base identifierrepresenting terms stored in a term base on the user device. The medicalterm expression may be a medical term index including more than one termbase identifier.

At 4620, the process 4600 may include storing the medical termexpression on the user device according to a second data model. Thesecond data model may distinct from the first data model.

In some examples, the process 4600 may further include generating a datastructure that associates constitute parts of the raw medical term withthe medical term expression. The data structure may be useable toreproduce the raw medical term from the medical term expression.

In some examples, the process 4600 may further include tokenizing theplurality of medical data sections to create a plurality of compositemedical data sections representing sequence groupings of the pluralityof medical data sections. In this example, the process 4600 may furtherinclude generating the medical term expression based at least in part onthe plurality of composite medical data sections.

In some examples, the process 4600 may further include using the medicalterm expression to generate a uniform medical term corresponding to theraw medical term.

In some examples, the second data model may include a relational graph.

In some examples, the process 4600 may further include identifying aplurality of item descriptors present in the medical category. In thisexample, each item descriptor may correspond to a section.

In some examples, the plurality of other expression primitivescorrespond to at least some of the medical data items sections of theplurality of medical data sections.

FIG. 47 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 4700 forremoving personally identifying information using an indexing engine,according to at least one example. The process 4700 may be performed bythe provider subscription system 112 or other suitable system. In someexamples, the user device 104 may perform the process 4700.

The process 4700 may begin at 4702 by receiving a first medical termfrom a user device. The first medical term may include personallyidentifying information that identifies a user (e.g., a user of the userdevice or other suitable user).

In some examples, receiving the first medical term from the user devicemay include receiving the first medical term in connection with othermedical terms found in an electronic health record stored on the userdevice and associated with the user.

At 4704, the process 4700 may include indexing the first medical termusing a primary term base containing medical terms. In some examples,indexing may be performed by at least parsing the first medical term toidentify a medical data section present in the first medical term. Themedical data section may describe a medical aspect of the first medicalterm.

At 4706, the process 4700 may include removing the medical data sectionfrom the first medical term.

At 4708, the process 4700 may include indexing the first medical termusing an auxiliary term base containing words and phrases that areconsidered to be personally identifying information. In some examples,this may be performed by at least parsing the first medical term toidentify an identifying data section present in the first medical term.The identifying data section may include a portion of the personallyidentifying information.

At 4710, the process 4700 may include generating a term expression thatrepresents the first medical term in a computational form. The termexpression may include a medical term primitive corresponding to themedical data section and an identifying primitive corresponding to theidentifying data section.

In some examples, generating the term expression may include assigningthe medical data sections and the identifying data section to one ormore categories. In this example, generating the term expression mayfurther include generating the medical term primitive and theidentifying primitive based at least in part on the one or morecategories.

At 4712, the process 4700 may include generating a second medical termthat includes de-identified information in place of the identifying dataitem. This may be performed based at least in part on the termexpression.

At 4714, the process 4700 may include using the second medical term inplace of the first medical term. In some examples, in order to use thesecond medical term in place of the first medical term the owner of themedical data may have previously agreed to share her medical data withan entity that operates the service that implements the process 4700.

In some examples, the medical term primitive is a first term baseidentifier corresponding to the primary term base. In some examples, theidentifying primitive is a second term base identifier corresponding tothe auxiliary term base. In some examples, the term expression is a termindex including the first term base identifier and the second term baseidentifier.

FIG. 48 illustrates a block diagram 4802 and a flow chart showing theprocess 4800 for enhancing a health record using indexed medical terms,according to at least one example. The block diagram 4802 includes theuser device 104 and the EHR system 114. The process 4800 may beperformed by the user device 104.

The process 4800 may begin at 4804 by downloading a data packageincluding a health record from a gateway. The gateway may be associatedwith the EHR system 114. In some examples, the health record may beassociated with the user 106.

At 4806, the process 4800 may include storing the health record using afirst data model. The first data model may be a model configured tostore the health record more or less in its raw form. For example, thedata package may be downloading using the FHIR standard in XML, JSON,Turtle, or any other suitable format. The first data model maycorrespond to the FHIR standard data model that relies on fourcategories of data types: simple/primitive types (e.g., single elementswith a primitive value), general purpose complex types (e.g., reusableclusters of elements), complex data types for metadata, and specialpurpose data types (e.g., reference, narrative, extension, meta, anddosage).

At 4808, the process 4800 may include indexing medical terms present inthe health record. This may include generating medical term expressions(e.g., term indexes) for each of the medical terms. Examples of thisprocess are discussed with reference to FIGS. 41-47.

At 4810, the process 4800 may include associating metadata with theindexed medical terms. In some examples, the metadata may be obtainedfrom the provider subscription system 112, the terminology managementsystem 130, or may be local to the user device 104. The metadata may beassociated with the indexed medical terms in a manner that enablesefficient assembly of user interface elements relating to the indexedmedical terms. The type of metadata may depend on the medical topic towhich an indexed medical term belongs. For example, if the medical topicwere medication, example metadata may include images of medication,general dosage instructions, chemical ingredients, color, links toinformation about the medication, a link to and/or image of aprescription relating to the medication, and any other suitableinformation. This metadata may be tagged or otherwise identified asbeing relevant to the indexed medical terms.

At 4812, the process 4800 may include storing the indexed medical termsin association with the metadata using a second data model. This datamay be stored in the term base on the user device 104. In some examples,the indexed medical terms are stored in their indexed form (e.g., asmedical term expressions) and the metadata is also stored therewith.

At 4814, the process 4800 may include using an indexed medical term toidentify particular entries in the health record. The indexed medicalterm used at 4814 may correspond to one of the medical terms from thehealth record. In this example, the indexed medical term may be used tofilter, sort, or otherwise organize the health record based on theindexed medical term. For example, a user may select the indexed term“beta blocker” from a list of medication types. This selection mayidentify all entries in the health record relating to beta blocker bysearching for beta blockers in the term base. In particular, this searchwill be performed by searching medical term expressions in the termbase, instead of searching in the raw health record data. The entriesmay be pulled from instances of the user's 106 electronic health recordthat were downloaded to the user device 104 from multiple disparatesources (e.g., different gateways of the EHR systems 114).

The indexed medical term used at 4814 may also correspond to a newsearch term input by the user 106. For example, a user interface may beprovided to allow the user 106 to search her electronic health record(e.g., one or more instances of her electronic health record that havebeen downloaded to the user device 104 from multiple different gatewaysof the EHR systems 114). Such queries may be indexed using thetechniques described herein to generate a search term expression. Thesearch term expression may then be used to easily identify any medicalterms expressions that include primitives similar to those in the searchterm expression. In this manner, such searching is performed in the termbase without necessarily having to access the raw version of theelectronic health record that is also saved on the user device 104. Insome examples, searching the medical term expressions may prove moreefficient than conventional searching methods.

FIG. 49 illustrates an example flow chart showing the process 4900 forsearching an electronic health record using a medical term expression,according to at least one example. The process 4900 may be performed bythe user device 104. The provider subscription system 112 may alsoperform the process 4900.

The process 4900 may begin at 4902 by receiving a search query to searcha health record. The health record may be associated with a useraccount. The search query may include at least one search term. In someexamples, at least part of the health record may be stored on a userdevice (e.g., the user device 104). In some examples, the health recordmay include a plurality of medical sub-records sourced from one or moregateways of one or more electronic health record systems.

At 4904, the process 4900 may include processing the search query togenerate a medical term expression. The medical term expression may berepresentative of the search query and may include at least oneexpression primitive corresponding to the at least one search term. Insome examples, the medical term expression may be a medical term indexusable for accessing a database in which the at least one expressionprimitive is stored. In some examples, processing the search query togenerate the medical term expression may include indexing the at leastone search term using an indexing algorithm.

At 4906, the process 4900 may include identifying metadata correspondingto the medical term expression. In some examples, identifying themetadata corresponding to the medical term expression may includeidentifying the metadata based at least in part on the at least oneexpression primitive.

At 4908, the process 4900 may include identifying a plurality of othermedical expression primitives corresponding to a plurality of recordentries in the health record. In some examples, this may be based atleast in part on the at least one expression primitive and the metadata.The plurality of record entries may be associated with the metadata. Insome examples, identifying the plurality of other medical expressionprimitives corresponding to the plurality of record entries in thehealth record may include using the at least one expression primitive asan index to access a database in which information about the healthrecord is stored.

At 4910, the process 4900 may include providing for presentation at theuser device information about the plurality of record entries. In someexamples, providing for presentation information about the plurality ofrecord entries may include grouping the information about the pluralityof record entries under a heading corresponding to the medical metadata.

In some examples, the process 4900 may further include using the medicalterm expression to generate a uniform medical term corresponding to theat least one search term.

In some examples, the process 4900 may further include associating, in adatabase stored on the user device, metadata with medical termexpressions representing the medical terms from the health record. Inthis example, the metadata may be descriptive of the medical termsrepresented by the medical term expressions. In this example, theprocess 4900 may further include generating an index that associates themedical term expressions with reference identifiers of the medical termsfrom the electronic health record. In this example, the process 4900 mayfurther include receiving a request for information about a particularmedical term found in the electronic health record. In this example, theprocess 4900 may further include, in response to receiving the request,accessing the database using a particular medical term expressionassociated with the particular medical term and the index to retrievethe information about the particular medical term. The information aboutthe particular medical term may include certain metadata that isdescriptive of the particular medical term. In this example, the process4900 may further include providing the information about the particularmedical term for presentation at the user device. The information aboutthe particular medical term may provide contextual information about theparticular medical term that was not originally present in theelectronic health record.

FIG. 50 illustrates an example user interface (UI) view 5000illustrating a portion of an electronic health record organizedaccording to medical topics, according to at least one example. The UIview 5000, which may be presented on the user device 104, is an exampleof UI views (1)-(25). In particular the UI view 5000 may be presentedafter the user has downloaded at least one electronic health record toher device (e.g., one connection with an EHR gateway has beenestablished).

The UI view 5000 includes a plurality of medical topics 5002 a-5002 eaccording to which is organized a plurality of medical records entries5004 a-5004 e. The medical concepts 5002 may be fixed, as describedherein. The medical record entries 5004, which represent medical terms,may be associated with the medical topics 5002 as part of the indexingprocess described herein. In particular, these associations betweenmedical terms from the user's electronic health record and the medicaltopics may be stored in the user's personalized relational graph in theon-device term base.

The medical record entries 5004 may be sourced from one or moreelectronic health records, but may be presented in the same UI view5000. By default, the medical record entries 5004 may be sorted based onany suitable factor. For example, the medical record entries 5004 a maybe sorted based on whether the condition is “active” or “inactive.”Similarly, the medical record entries 5004 d may be sorted based on dateof procedure.

Selection of the “view all >” UI element on any of the medical topics5002 may reveal other medical record entries 5004 associated with therelevant medical topic 5002. For example, selection of the “view all” UIelement associated with the medical topic 5002 a (conditions), mayreveal additional medical record entries 5004 a in addition to the threelisted. In some examples, this may provide a more complete picture ofthe user's health record.

Selection of the “>” UI element following one of the labels (e.g.,active, inactive, date, etc.) may reveal additional information aboutthe particular medical record entry 5004. For example, selection of themedical record entry 5004 b for “Zestril” may reveal additionalinformation about this prescription. A first portion of the additionalinformation may have been sourced from the medical record (e.g., aprescribing doctor, a pharmacy where it was filled, etc.). A secondportion of the additional information may have been added using thetechniques described herein. For example, the additional information mayinclude metadata downloaded from the off-device term base that isassociated with the prescription Zestril (e.g., images of the pill,ingredients, etc.).

In some examples, the techniques described herein, may be used toassociate medical record entries 5004 across different medicalcategories 5002. For example, assume that a first medical termidentifies the medical record entry 5004 a for hypertension and a secondmedical term identifies the medical record entry 5004 b for Zestril. Therelational graph on the device may include an association between acondition of hypertension and a prescription for Zestril. This may bebecause Zestril is prescribed to treat hypertension. If the medicalrecord from which the condition and prescription were obtained did notalready include this association, the techniques described herein mayadd this association and present information about it. For example,continuing with the example above, selection of “Zestril” may revealthat additional information that indicates that it is being used totreat the condition of hypertension.

FIG. 51 illustrates an example architecture or environment 5100configured to implement techniques described herein, according to atleast one example. In some examples, the example architecture 5100 mayfurther be configured to enable the user device 104, service providercomputers 5102 to share information. The service provider computers 5102are examples of the business subscription system 206, the providersubscription system 112, the EHR systems 114, and the terminologymanagement system 130. In some examples, the devices may be connectedvia one or more networks 5108 (e.g., via Bluetooth, WiFi, the Internet,or the like). In some examples, the service provider computers 5102 maybe configured to implement at least some of the techniques describedherein with reference to the user device 104.

In some examples, the networks 5108 may include any one or a combinationof many different types of networks, such as cable networks, theInternet, wireless networks, cellular networks, satellite networks,other private and/or public networks, or any combination thereof. Whilethe illustrated example represents the user device 104 accessing theservice provider computers 5102 via the networks 5108, the describedtechniques may equally apply in instances where the user device 104interacts with the service provider computers 5102 over a landlinephone, via a kiosk, or in any other manner. It is also noted that thedescribed techniques may apply in other client/server arrangements(e.g., set-top boxes, etc.), as well as in non-client/serverarrangements (e.g., locally stored applications, peer to peerconfigurations, etc.).

As noted above, the user device 104 may be any type of computing devicesuch as, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, athin-client device, a tablet computer, a wearable device, or the like.In some examples, the user device 104 may be in communication with theservice provider computers 5102 via the network 5108, or via othernetwork connections.

In one illustrative configuration, the user device 104 may include atleast one memory 5114 and one or more processing units (or processor(s))5116. The processor(s) 5116 may be implemented as appropriate inhardware, computer-executable instructions, firmware, or combinationsthereof. Computer-executable instruction or firmware implementations ofthe processor(s) 5116 may include computer-executable ormachine-executable instructions written in any suitable programminglanguage to perform the various functions described. The user device 104may also include geo-location devices (e.g., a global positioning system(GPS) device or the like) for providing and/or recording geographiclocation information associated with the user device 104.

The memory 5114 may store program instructions that are loadable andexecutable on the processor(s) 5116, as well as data generated duringthe execution of these programs. Depending on the configuration and typeof the user device 104, the memory 5114 may be volatile (such as randomaccess memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile (such as read-only memory(ROM), flash memory, etc.). The user device 104 may also includeadditional removable storage and/or non-removable storage 5126including, but not limited to, magnetic storage, optical disks, and/ortape storage. The disk drives and their associated non-transitorycomputer-readable media may provide non-volatile storage ofcomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, andother data for the computing devices. In some implementations, thememory 5114 may include multiple different types of memory, such asstatic random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM),or ROM. While the volatile memory described herein may be referred to asRAM, any volatile memory that would not maintain data stored thereinonce unplugged from a host and/or power would be appropriate.

The memory 5114 and the additional storage 5126, both removable andnon-removable, are all examples of non-transitory computer-readablestorage media. For example, non-transitory computer readable storagemedia may include volatile or non-volatile, removable or non-removablemedia implemented in any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, data structures, programmodules, or other data. The memory 5114 and the additional storage 5126are both examples of non-transitory computer storage media. Additionaltypes of computer storage media that may be present in the user device104 may include, but are not limited to, phase-change RAM (PRAM), SRAM,DRAM, RAM, ROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact discread-only memory (CD-ROM), digital video disc (DVD) or other opticalstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used tostore the desired information and that can be accessed by the userdevice 104. Combinations of any of the above should also be includedwithin the scope of non-transitory computer-readable storage media.Alternatively, computer-readable communication media may includecomputer-readable instructions, program modules, or other datatransmitted within a data signal, such as a carrier wave, or othertransmission. However, as used herein, computer-readable storage mediadoes not include computer-readable communication media.

The user device 104 may also contain communications connection(s) 5128that allow the user device 104 to communicate with a data store, anothercomputing device or server, user terminals, and/or other devices via thenetwork 5108. The user device 104 may also include I/O device(s) 5130,such as a keyboard, a mouse, a pen, a voice input device, a touch inputdevice, a display, speakers, a printer, etc.

Turning to the contents of the memory 5114 in more detail, the memory5114 may include an operating system 5132 and/or one or more applicationprograms or services for implementing the features disclosed hereinincluding the indexing engine 4202. The service provider computer 5102may also include a memory 5142 that includes an indexing engine 4202 b.In this manner, the techniques described herein may be implemented byany one, or a combination of more than one, of the computing devices(e.g., the user device 104 or the service provider computer 5102).

The service provider computers 5102 may also be any type of computingdevice such as, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a PDA,a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a thin-client device, a tabletcomputer, a wearable device, a server computer, a virtual machineinstance, etc. In some examples, the service provider computers 5102 maybe in communication with the user device 104 via the network 5108, orvia other network connections.

In one illustrative configuration, the service provider computers 5102may include at least one memory 5142 and one or more processing units(or processor(s)) 5144. The processor(s) 5144 may be implemented asappropriate in hardware, computer-executable instructions, firmware, orcombinations thereof. Computer-executable instruction or firmwareimplementations of the processor(s) 5144 may include computer-executableor machine-executable instructions written in any suitable programminglanguage to perform the various functions described.

The memory 5142 may store program instructions that are loadable andexecutable on the processor(s) 5144, as well as data generated duringthe execution of these programs. Depending on the configuration and typeof service provider computer 5102, the memory 5142 may be volatile (suchas RAM) and/or non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.). Theservice provider computer 5102 may also include additional removablestorage and/or non-removable storage 5146 including, but not limited to,magnetic storage, optical disks, and/or tape storage. The disk drivesand their associated non-transitory computer-readable media may providenon-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules, and other data for the computing devices. In someimplementations, the memory 5142 may include multiple different types ofmemory, such as SRAM, DRAM, or ROM. While the volatile memory describedherein may be referred to as RAM, any volatile memory that would notmaintain data stored therein once unplugged from a host and/or powerwould be appropriate. The memory 5142 and the additional storage 5146,both removable and non-removable, are both additional examples ofnon-transitory computer-readable storage media.

The service provider computer 5102 may also contain communicationsconnection(s) 5148 that allow the service provider computer 5102 tocommunicate with a data store, another computing device or server, userterminals and/or other devices via the network 5108. The serviceprovider computer 5102 may also include I/O device(s) 5150, such as akeyboard, a mouse, a pen, a voice input device, a touch input device, adisplay, speakers, a printer, etc.

Turning to the contents of the memory 5142 in more detail, the memory5142 may include an operating system 5152 and/or one or more applicationprograms or services for implementing the features disclosed hereinincluding the indexing engine 4224 b.

The various examples further can be implemented in a wide variety ofoperating environments, which in some cases can include one or more usercomputers, computing devices or processing devices which can be used tooperate any of a number of applications. User or client devices caninclude any of a number of general purpose personal computers, such asdesktop or laptop computers running a standard operating system, as wellas cellular, wireless and handheld devices running mobile software andcapable of supporting a number of networking and messaging protocols.Such a system also can include a number of workstations running any of avariety of commercially-available operating systems and other knownapplications for purposes such as development and database management.These devices also can include other electronic devices, such as dummyterminals, thin-clients, gaming systems, and other devices capable ofcommunicating via a network.

Most examples utilize at least one network that would be familiar tothose skilled in the art for supporting communications using any of avariety of commercially-available protocols, such as TCP/IP, OSI, FTP,UPnP, NFS, CIFS, and AppleTalk. The network can be, for example, a localarea network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, theInternet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network,an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combination thereof.

In examples utilizing a network server, the network server can run anyof a variety of server or mid-tier applications, including HTTP servers,FTP servers, CGI servers, data servers, Java servers, and businessapplication servers. The server(s) may also be capable of executingprograms or scripts in response to requests from user devices, such asby executing one or more applications that may be implemented as one ormore scripts or programs written in any programming language, such asJava®, C, C# or C++, or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python orTCL, as well as combinations thereof. The server(s) may also includedatabase servers, including without limitation those commerciallyavailable from Oracle®, Microsoft®, Sybase® and IBM®.

The environment can include a variety of data stores and other memoryand storage media as discussed above. These can reside in a variety oflocations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) oneor more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computersacross the network. In a particular set of examples, the information mayreside in a storage-area network (SAN) familiar to those skilled in theart. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functionsattributed to the computers, servers or other network devices may bestored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate. Where a system includescomputerized devices, each such device can include hardware elementsthat may be electrically coupled via a bus, the elements including, forexample, at least one central processing unit (CPU), at least one inputdevice (e.g., a mouse, keyboard, controller, touch screen, or keypad),and at least one output device (e.g., a display device, printer, orspeaker). Such a system may also include one or more storage devices,such as disk drives, optical storage devices, and solid-state storagedevices such as RAM or ROM, as well as removable media devices, memorycards, flash cards, etc.

Such devices also can include a computer-readable storage media reader,a communications device (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless orwired), an infrared communication device, etc.), and working memory asdescribed above. The computer-readable storage media reader can beconnected with, or configured to receive, a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium, representing remote, local, fixed,and/or removable storage devices as well as storage media fortemporarily and/or more permanently containing, storing, transmitting,and retrieving computer-readable information. The system and variousdevices also typically will include a number of software applications,modules, services, or other elements located within at least one workingmemory device, including an operating system and application programs,such as a client application or browser. It should be appreciated thatalternate examples may have numerous variations from that describedabove. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/orparticular elements might be implemented in hardware, software(including portable software, such as applets) or both. Further,connection to other computing devices such as network input/outputdevices may be employed.

Non-transitory storage media and computer-readable media for containingcode, or portions of code, can include any appropriate media known orused in the art, including storage media, such as, but not limited to,volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implementedin any method or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, orother data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD-ROM, DVD or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can be accessed by a system device. Based at least in part onthe disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skillin the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement thevarious examples.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that various modifications and changes may be made thereuntowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure asset forth in the claims.

Other variations are within the spirit of the present disclosure. Thus,while the disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modificationsand alternative constructions, certain illustrated examples thereof areshown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It shouldbe understood, however, that there is no intention to limit thedisclosure to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary,the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructionsand equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure,as defined in the appended claims.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the disclosed examples (especially in the contextof the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singularand the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearlycontradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,”and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (e.g., meaning“including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term“connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within,attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening.Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and eachseparate value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, isintended merely to better illuminate examples of the disclosure and doesnot pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwiseclaimed. No language in the specification should be construed asindicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of thedisclosure.

Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood within thecontext as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may beeither X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z).Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and shouldnot, imply that certain examples require at least one of X, at least oneof Y, or at least one of Z to each be present.

Preferred examples of this disclosure are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the disclosure.Variations of those preferred examples may become apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Theinventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations asappropriate, and the inventors intend for the disclosure to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisdisclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of data available from various sources to provide acomprhensive and complete window to a user's personal health reacord.The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, thisgathered data may include personal information data that uniquelyidentifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Suchpersonal information data can include demographic data, location-baseddata, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID's, home addresses,data or records relating to a user's health or level of fitness (e.g.,vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information),date of birth, or any other identifying or personal or healthinformation.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefitof users. For example, the personal information data can be used toprovide enhancements to a user's personal health record. Further, otheruses for personal information data that benefit the user are alsocontemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitnessdata may be used to provide insights into a user's general wellness, ormay be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology topursue wellness goals.

The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible forthe collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use ofsuch personal information data will comply with well-established privacypolicies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities shouldimplement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining personal information data private andsecure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and shouldbe updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personalinformation from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonableuses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimateuses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving theinformed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities shouldconsider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access tosuch personal information data and ensuring that others with access tothe personal information data adhere to their privacy policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should beadapted for the particular types of personal information data beingcollected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards,including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US,collection of or access to certain health data may be governed byfederal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries maybe subject to other regulations and policies and should be handledaccordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained fordifferent personal data types in each country.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, in the caseof advertisement delivery services or other services relating to healthrecord management, the present technology can be configured to allowusers to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in thecollection of personal information data during registration for servicesor anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out”options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notificationsrelating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, auser may be notified upon downloading an app that their personalinformation data will be accessed and then reminded again just beforepersonal information data is accessed by the app.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personalinformation data should be managed and handled in a way to minimizerisks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can beminimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once itis no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including incertain health related applications, data de-identification can be usedto protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, whenappropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth,etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g.,collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level),controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users),and/or other methods.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedembodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousembodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various embodiments of thepresent technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all ora portion of such personal information data.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:receiving, by a user device and from a gateway of an electronic healthrecord system, a data package including an electronic health recordincluding raw medical data; storing the electronic health record on theuser device according to a first data model; extracting raw medicalterms from the raw medical data, each of the raw medical terms includinga text string; decomposing a raw medical term of the raw medical termsinto a plurality of medical data sections present in the raw medicalterm; determining a medical topic to which the raw medical term belongs,the medical topic including a plurality of medical categories; for amedical data section of the plurality of medical data sections,assigning the medical data section to a medical category of plurality ofmedical categories based at least in part on a comparison of the medicaldata section with other medical data sections represented in the medicalcategory; determining a uniform item descriptor corresponding to themedical data section based at least in part on the medical category;converting, based at least in part on the uniform item descriptor, amedical data section into an expression primitive corresponding to themedical data section; assembling a medical term expression based atleast in part on the expression primitive, the medical term expressionrepresenting the raw medical term in a quantifiable format and beingformed from the expression primitive and a plurality of other expressionprimitives; and storing the medical term expression on the user deviceaccording to a second data model that is distinct from the first datamodel.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein theexpression primitive is a term base identifier that represents one ormore indexed terms stored in a term base on the user device, and themedical term expression is a medical term index including more than oneterm base identifiers.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,further comprising generating a data object that associates constituteparts of the raw medical term with the medical term expression, the dataobject useable to reproduce the raw medical term from the medical termexpression.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: themethod further comprises tokenizing the plurality of medical datasections to create a plurality of composite medical data sectionsrepresenting sequence groupings of the plurality of medical datasections; and generating the medical term expression is further based atleast in part on the plurality of composite medical data sections. 5.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising using themedical term expression to generate a uniform medical term correspondingto the raw medical term.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,wherein the second data model comprises a relational graph.
 7. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising identifying aplurality of item descriptors present in the medical category, each itemdescriptor corresponding to an item.
 8. The computer-implemented methodof claim 1, wherein the plurality of other expression primitivescorrespond to at least some of the medical data sections of theplurality of medical data sections.
 9. A computer-implemented method,comprising: accessing a medical term from an electronic health recordthat is stored on a user device; indexing the medical term using a termbase by at least: parsing the medical term to identify one or moremedical data sections present in the medical term, each medical datasection representing a constitute part of the medical term; assigningthe one or more medical data sections to one or more medical categoriesof a plurality of medical categories represented in the term base, eachmedical category including a logical grouping of the medical datasections; and assembling a medical term expression including one or moreexpression primitives based at least in part on information associatedwith the one or more medical categories, the medical term expressionuseable for generating a uniform medical term corresponding to themedical term, and the medical term expression comprising a concatenationof the one or more expression primitives; and storing the medical termexpression on the user device.
 10. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 9, wherein: the term base is stored on the user device; andstoring the medical term expression on the user device comprises storingthe medical term expression in the term base.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the medical termexpression constitutes a term index for accessing the term base.
 12. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the medical termexpression comprises a computer-quantifiable expression.
 13. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising: determiningone or more uniform item descriptors corresponding to the one or moremedical data sections based at least in part on the one or more medicalcategories; and converting the one or more medical data sections intothe one or more expression primitives based at least in part on the oneor more uniform item descriptors.
 14. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 9, further comprising receiving, by the user device and from anendpoint of an electronic health record system, a data package includingthe electronic health record.
 15. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 9, further comprising computing a completion score representing acompleteness of the medical term expression based at least in part on amedical category to which the medical term expression belongs.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising: computing acoverage score representing a ratio of the one or more medical datasections with respect to the one or more expression primitives; andsending information about the medical term expression to a terminologymanagement system when the coverage score falls below a coveragethreshold.
 17. A user device, comprising: a memory configured to storecomputer-executable instructions; and a processor configured to accessthe memory and execute the computer-executable instructions to at least:access a medical term from an electronic health record; index themedical term using a term base by at least: parsing the medical term toidentify one or more medical data sections present in the medical term,each medical data section representing a constitute part of the medicalterm; assigning the one or more medical data sections to one or moremedical categories of a plurality of medical categories represented inthe term base, each medical category including a logical grouping of themedical data sections; and assembling a medical term expressionincluding one or more expression primitives based at least in part oninformation associated with the one or more medical categories, themedical term expression useable for generating a uniform medical termcorresponding to the medical term, and the medical term expressioncomprising a concatenation of the one or more expression primitives; andstore the medical term expression on the user device.
 18. The userdevice of claim 17, wherein the medical term expression constitutes aterm index for accessing the term base.
 19. The user device of claim 17,wherein the medical term expression comprises a computer-quantifiableexpression.
 20. The user device of claim 17, wherein the processor isfurther configured to at least: determine one or more uniform itemdescriptors corresponding to the one or more medical data sections basedat least in part on the one or more medical categories; and convertingthe one or more medical data sections into the one or more expressionprimitives based at least in part on the one or more uniform itemdescriptors.